Shaking and Other Non-Accidental Head Injuries in Children.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- AUTHORS' APPOINTMENTS -- FOREWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PREFACE -- 1. NEUROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY AND WHIPLASH/SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME: AN OVERVIEW Robert A Minns and J Keith Brown -- Definitions -- Presenting history -- Diagnosis of non-accidental head injury -- Mechanism of injury offered by parents/caregiver -- Can we prove the syndrome really is due to abuse? -- Bony injuries -- Mechanisms of injuring and mechanisms of intracranial damage -- Shaking as a mechanism of non-accidental head injury in infants -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2. THE BIOMECHANICS OF SHAKING Chris N Morison and Robert A Minns -- Subdural haematoma in shaken baby syndrome -- Can shaking alone really cause SBS? -- Literature review -- Biomechanics of the 'shaker' -- Biomechanics of the 'shaken' -- Modelling SBS -- REFERENCES -- 3. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY John H Livingston and Anne-Marie Childs -- Identification of NAHI -- Skull fractures -- Severe non-accidental head injury -- The shaken baby syndrome: definition -- Radiological definitions -- Published population studies of NAHI -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 4. NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY IN SCOTLAND: THE SCOTTISH DATABASE Robert A Minns, Caroline Millar, Fiona C Minns, TY Milly Lo, Patricia A Jones and Karen M Barlow -- Participating centres -- Validation -- Limitations of database -- Incidence -- Acknowledged (confessed) and convicted cases -- Principle of 'transposed conditional' -- Level of proof -- REFERENCES -- 5. HAEMORRHAGIC RETINOPATHY OF SHAKING INJURY: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Kristina May, M Andrew Parsons and Robert Doran -- Historical background -- Modern day perspective -- Presentation -- Ophthalmic examination and documentation -- Ophthalmic assessment -- Short-term management.

The role of the ophthalmic or forensic pathologist -- Clinical and pathological appearance of retinal haemorrhages seen in SBS -- Resolution of retinal haemorrhages and the ageing of intraocular injuries -- Relationship between the eye and brain in shaking injuries -- Differential diagnosis of intraocular haemorrhage -- Other intraocular findings associated with SBS -- Long-term visual prognosis and management -- REFERENCES -- 6. ULTRASOUND AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY Tim Jaspan -- Imaging protocol -- Imaging techniques -- Injury patterns -- Pitfalls of imaging -- Differential diagnosis -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 7. INITIAL AND SEQUENTIAL MRI IN NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY Maeve McPhilips -- Subdural haemorrhage -- Direct intracerebral injury -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 8. SKELETAL INJURIES Stephanie Mackenzie -- Imaging -- Metaphyseal fracture or classic metaphyseal lesion -- Rib fractures -- Long bones -- Skull fractures -- Other fractures -- Dating of injuries -- Differential diagnosis -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 9. MECHANISMS AND MANAGEMENT OF SUBDURAL HAEMORRHAGE Jonathan Punt -- Classification and definitions -- Mechanisms of subdural haemorrhage -- Management of subdural haemorrhage and haematoma -- REFERENCES -- 10. NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE ENCEPHALOPATHIES K Kamath Tallur, Robert A Minns and J Keith Brown -- Supportive treatment -- Nursing the unconscious patient -- Innate neurocompensatory mechanisms -- Practical treatment principles -- Treatment of infection -- Treatment of raised intracranial pressure -- Control of seizures -- Maintenance of cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and metabolism -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 11. THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY Jeanne E. Bell -- Pathology of non-accidental injury of the head and of the spinal cord.

Pathogenesis of non-accidental brain injury -- Examination of the child with suspected NAI -- Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12. OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY IN INFANTS Robert A Minns, Patricia A Jones, Karen M Barlow -- Outcome studies -- Mortality -- Morbidity -- Prognostic risk factors -- Progressive brain damage -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 13. CHILD PROTECTION AND THE PREVENTION OF ABUSE Jaqueline YQ Mok -- Difficulties with diagnosis -- Underdiagnosis of shaking injuries -- Abuse or accident? -- Risk factors and early indicators -- Management -- Costs of child abuse -- Prevention -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 14. SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME AND POLICE PROCEDURE Philip Wheeler -- Assessing numbers of cases -- What happens in SBS -- Definition and terminology -- Assessing the evidence -- REFERENCES -- 15. LEGAL ASPECTS OF SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME Cathy Cobley -- Research -- Results -- Entering the child protection and criminal justice systems - the clinicians' decision -- Proving abuse in legal proceedings - when is a suspicion of NAHI substantiated? -- Who shook the baby (and does it matter)? -- Keeping the family together: parental cooperation and child protection proceedings -- Criminal offences, convictions and culpability - perceptions of SBS -- Sentencing in cases of SBS -- Legal aspects of SBS in other jurisdictions - are there lessons to be learnt? -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 16. ASSESSMENT AND DECISION-MAKING IN NON-ACCIDENTAL HEAD INJURY CASES: A SOCIAL WORK PERSPECTIVE Elaine Ennis -- The context for assessment and decision-making -- A specialist knowledge base and integration with a wide perspective on children -- What is known to help us make appropriate decisions for children who have -- The pilot study and the database of Scottish cases of NAHI -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS Nick Punt -- INDEX.

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