Chassis Dynamometer Testing : Addressing the Challenges of New Global Legislation.
Material type:
- text
- computer
- online resource
- 9780768088649
- 629.25/280287
- TD886.5 .G355 2017
Intro -- Introduction -- I.1 General Objective -- I.2 Book Structure -- Acknowledgments -- The Vehicle -- Parameters of Influence on a Moving Vehicle -- 1.1 Equations of Motion -- 1.1.1 Vehicle Inertial Loads FI -- 1.1.2 Force because of Gravity Fg -- 1.1.3 Aerodynamic Drag FAD -- 1.1.4 Force because of Tire Rolling Resistance FRR -- 1.1.5 Tractive Power and Energy Equation -- 1.1.6 Alternative Arrangement of Vehicle Load Terms -- 1.2 Vehicle Energy Use and Distribution of Losses -- 1.2.1 Vehicle Performance and Efficiency: Energy Distribution -- 1.2.2 Main Factors Affecting a Vehicle -- 1.3 Wind: Interaction between Air and Vehicle -- 1.3.1 Underhood Air Ducting -- 1.3.2 Brake Cooling -- 1.3.3 Flow underneath the Vehicle -- 1.3.4 Airflow around the Vehicle -- 1.3.5 Airflow around the Tires -- References -- Engine Architecture Performance and Efficiency -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Engine Energy Distribution -- 2.2.1 Gasoline Engine Energy Distribution -- 2.2.2 Diesel Engine Energy Distribution -- 2.3 Effects of Ambient Conditions on Engine Performance -- 2.3.1 Effect on Temperature and Pressure -- 2.3.2 Effect of Humidity -- 2.3.3 Effect of Altitude -- 2.3.4 Summary of the Environmental Effect on Engine Power -- 2.3.5 Standardized Correction Factors -- 2.4 Engine Warm-Up and Cooling -- 2.4.1 Cold Start Combustion -- 2.4.2 Engine Friction Losses Versus Temperature -- 2.4.3 Engine Warm-Up -- 2.5 Engine Lubrication -- 2.5.1 Oil Pump -- 2.5.2 Lubrication Oil Properties -- 2.5.2.1 Viscosity -- 2.5.2.2 Viscosity Measurement Methods -- 2.5.2.3 Viscosity Index -- 2.5.2.4 Additives -- 2.5.3 Minimum Starting Temperature -- References -- Engine Ancillary Devices -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Power Steering -- 3.2.1 Introduction to Power Steering Systems -- 3.2.2 Factors Affecting Hydraulic Power Steering Efficiency -- 3.3 Air Conditioning Compressor.
3.3.1 The Refrigeration Cycle -- 3.3.2 Vehicle Air Conditioning -- 3.3.3 Vehicle Air Conditioning Control -- 3.3.4 Dimensioning a Vehicle Air Conditioning System -- 3.3.5 Factors Affecting Vehicle Air Conditioning Performance -- 3.3.5.1 Influence by Solar Radiation -- 3.3.5.2 The Vehicle Cabin Size -- 3.3.5.3 Fresh Air Ratio (Air Recirculation) -- 3.3.5.4 Vehicle Speed -- 3.3.5.5 Number of Passengers -- 3.4 Alternator -- 3.5 Water Pump -- References -- The Pneumatic Tire and Rolling Resistance -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Concept of Rolling Resistance -- 4.3 Rolling Resistance Coefficient -- 4.4 Rolling Resistance Dependence -- 4.4.1 Influence of Inflation Pressure -- 4.4.2 Influence of Tire Temperature -- 4.4.3 Influence of Vehicle Speed on Tires -- 4.4.4 Influence of Warm-Up Time -- 4.4.5 Tire Aerodynamic Drag -- 4.4.5.1 Affecting the Vehicle's Properties -- 4.4.5.2 Effects of Tire Rotation -- 4.5 Tire Rolling Resistance Measurements -- References -- Exhaust Emissions and Aftertreatment Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Exhaust Components -- 5.2.1 Nonharmful -- 5.2.2 Harmful -- 5.3 Exhaust Emission Component Creation -- 5.3.1 NOx -- 5.3.2 Carbon Monoxide -- 5.3.3 Hydrocarbons -- 5.3.4 Particulate Matter -- 5.4 Exhaust Emissions Control Systems -- 5.4.1 Catalytic Converters -- 5.4.1.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst -- 5.4.1.2 Three-Way Catalytic Converter -- 5.4.2 Chemical Reactors -- 5.4.3 Chemical Filters -- 5.4.4 Particle Filters -- 5.5 Exhaust Pipe Temperatures -- 5.6 Parameters Influencing Emissions -- 5.6.1 Influence of Speed -- 5.6.2 Influence of Absolute Humidity -- 5.6.3 Influence of Engine Temperature -- 5.6.4 Influence of Ambient Temperature -- References -- Summary of Part I-The Vehicle -- The Test Cell -- The Chassis Dynamometer Test Cell -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Chassis Dynamometer Test Cell -- 6.2.1 Chassis Dynamometer.
6.2.2 Vehicle Cooling Blower -- 6.2.3 Ventilation or Refrigeration System -- 6.2.4 Air Intake System in Chassis Dynamometer Test Cells -- 6.2.5 Exhaust Extraction System -- References -- The Chassis Dynamometer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Vehicle Tractive Energy and Power Demand Review -- 7.3 Simulating Vehicle Tractive Energy and Power Demand on a Chassis Dynamometer -- 7.3.1 Inertia Force FI -- 7.3.2 Gravity Fg -- 7.3.3 Aerodynamic Drag FAD -- 7.3.4 Tire Rolling Resistance FRR -- 7.4 Measuring Vehicle Characteristic Parameters -- 7.4.1 Coast-Down Test -- 7.4.2 Coast-Down Equation -- 7.5 Chassis Dynamometer Load Setting Procedure -- 7.6 Simulating Road Load on the Dynamometer -- References -- The Vehicle Cooling Blower -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Wind Blower Classification Depending on the Kind of Test -- 8.2.1 Aeroclimatic Tests -- 8.2.2 Emission Tests -- 8.2.3 Research and Development -- 8.2.3.1 Real-Driving Emission Simulation in a Chassis Dynamometer -- 8.2.3.2 Friction Tests -- 8.2.4 High Speed/Durability Tests -- Chassis Dynamometer HVACR -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Main Thermal Loads in the Test Cell -- 9.3 HVACR Design Criteria -- 9.4 Ambient Temperature Chassis Dynamometer Test Cell -- 9.4.1 Non-Humidity Controlled Test Cell -- 9.4.2 Humidity Controlled Test Cell -- 9.4.2.1 Single-Stage AHU -- 9.4.2.2 Two-Stage AHU -- 9.4.3 How to Control the Condensation in the Cooling Coil -- 9.4.3.1 Constant Temperature with Variable Flow -- 9.4.3.2 Constant Flow with Variable Temperature -- 9.5 Low Temperature Chassis Dynamometer Test Cell -- 9.5.1 Introduction to the Refrigeration Machine -- 9.5.2 Performances and Efficiencies -- 9.5.3 Refrigeration Systems in Chassis Dynamometers -- 9.5.3.1 Direct Expansion System -- 9.5.3.2 Indirect Expansion Systems Using Thermal Fluids -- 9.5.4 Working Principle of a Refrigeration Plant.
9.5.5 Evaporator Control Capacity -- 9.5.6 Compressor Capacity Control -- 9.5.7 Hot Gas Bypass Capacity Control -- 9.5.8 Evaporator Temperature Control -- 9.5.9 Chassis Dynamometer Refrigeration Plant with Direct Expansion -- 9.5.10 Indirect Expansion Chassis Dynamometer Refrigeration Plant with Thermal Fluids -- 9.5.11 Combined Systems -- Air Intake in Chassis Dynamometer Test Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basic Functions of an Air Intake Handling Unit -- 10.3 Humidity Control -- 10.3.1 Air Dryers -- 10.3.1.1 Dehumidification by Condensation -- 10.3.1.2 Desiccant Dehumidifier -- 10.3.2 Humidification Technologies -- 10.3.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure Humidifiers -- 10.3.2.2 Pressurized Humidifiers -- 10.4 Operating Principle of an Air Intake Handling Unit -- Instrumentation and Control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Vehicle Power, Torque, and Speed -- 11.3 Exhaust Emissions -- 11.3.1 Emissions Analyzers -- 11.3.1.1 Nondispersive Infrared Analyzers -- 11.3.1.2 Flame Ionization Detector Analyzers -- 11.3.1.3 Chemiluminescence Detector Analyzers -- 11.3.1.4 Fourier Transform Infrared -- 11.3.2 Diesel Particle Emission Measurement (PM) -- 11.3.3 Diesel Particle Counter (PN) -- 11.3.4 Smoke Opacity Meters -- 11.3.5 Portable Equipment Measurement -- 11.3.6 Gas Sampling -- 11.3.6.1 Undiluted Analytics (Raw Sampling) -- 11.3.6.2 Partial Flow Dilution -- 11.3.6.3 Fully Diluted Sampling (CVS) -- 11.3.7 Constant Volume Sampling -- 11.3.8 Complete Emission Setup -- 11.3.8.1 Undiluted Analytics -- 11.3.8.2 Partial Flow Dilution -- 11.3.8.3 Full Flow Dilution (CVS) -- 11.4 Fuel Consumption Measurement -- 11.4.1 Carbon Balance -- 11.4.2 Engine Control Unit -- 11.4.3 External Fuel Combustion Measuring Devices -- 11.5 Other Engine and Vehicle Parameters -- 11.6 Chassis Dyno Control -- References -- Summary of Part II-The Test Cell.
Vehicle Homologation Process and Tests -- Chassis Dynamometer Test Standards -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The History of Emission Testing Procedures -- 12.3 Worldwide Emission Testing Procedures and Standards -- 12.3.1 United States -- 12.3.1.1 U.S. Vehicle Testing and Enforcement Program -- 12.3.1.2 U.S. Test Cycles -- 12.3.2 Europe -- 12.3.2.1 EU Vehicle Testing and Enforcement Program -- 12.3.2.2 European Union Test Cycles -- 12.3.2.3 The New European Driving Cycle (ECE 15 + EUDC) -- 12.4 Environmental Requirements for the Emissions of the Chassis Dynamometer Test Cell -- References -- The Need of a New Emission Regulation -- 13.1 Is the EU Legislation in 2016 Fulfilling Its Final Goal? -- 13.2 Inaccuracies of Existing Legislations -- 13.2.1 What Is the Reason for these Deviations? -- 13.2.2 Technology Deployment -- 13.2.2.1 The EU Driving Cycle -- 13.2.2.2 The Problem of a Defined Cycle -- 13.2.3 Road Load Determination Factor -- 13.3 Chassis Dynamometer Testing -- 13.3.1 Tolerance of Instruments -- 13.3.1.1 The Roller -- 13.3.1.2 The Vehicle Blower -- 13.3.1.3 The HVACR System -- 13.3.2 Tolerance of Vehicle Preparation -- 13.3.2.1 Status of Electrical Ancillaries -- 13.3.2.2 Battery State of Charge -- 13.3.2.3 Tire Pressure -- 13.3.3 Driving Techniques -- 13.3.3.1 The Type Approval Driver -- 13.3.3.2 Speed Error -- 13.3.3.3 Accelerator Pedal Busyness -- 13.3.3.4 Gear Shifting -- 13.3.4 Other Factors -- 13.4 The Need for New Emission Legislation -- 13.4.1 A Global Legislation for Global Vehicles -- 13.4.2 Legislation Beyond September 2017 -- References -- The World Light Duty Test Procedure (GTR-15) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Improving Testing Accuracy with WTLP -- 14.2.1 Technology Deployment -- 14.2.1.1 The Driving Cycle -- 14.2.2 Road Load Determination Factor -- 14.3 Chassis Dynamometer Testing -- 14.3.1 Tolerance of Instruments.
14.3.1.1 The Vehicle Blower.
Gathers knowledge from multiple groups of specialists to better understand the testing challenges associated with the vehicle chassis dynamometer test cells, and to enable informed design and use of these facilities.
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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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