Paths Between Peace and Public Service : A Comparative Analysis of Public Service Reform Trajectories in Postconflict Countries.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Objectives -- Research Design and Limitations -- Structure -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 Analytical Framework -- Two Different Examples: Public Service Commissions -- The Analytical Framework -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Public Service Size and Composition -- Introduction -- What Is the Public Service? -- Legacies, Paths, and Results -- Choices and Consequences -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Pay -- Introduction -- What Is Pay Reform? -- Legacies, Paths, and Results -- Choices and Consequences -- Conclusion: Pay Strategies -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Public Service Management Bodies -- Introduction -- Overview: Central Bodies in the Five Case Study Countries -- Wage Bill and Payroll Control -- Merit Protection -- Administrative Reform -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Parallel Structures -- Introduction -- What Are Parallel Structures? -- Country-Level Aid Architecture and Fund-Flow Choices -- Project-Level Parallel Structure Design Choices -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Appendix A Afghanistan Case Study -- Overview -- Public Service Size and Structure -- Pay -- Public Service Management Bodies -- Parallel Structures -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Appendix B Liberia Case Study -- Overview -- Sociopolitical and Historical Contexts -- Public Service Size and Structure -- Pay -- Public Service Management Bodies -- Parallel Structures -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Appendix C Sierra Leone Case Study -- Overview -- Sociopolitical and Historical Contexts -- Public Service Size and Structure -- Pay -- Public Service Management Bodies -- Parallel Structures -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Appendix D South Sudan Case Study -- Overview.

Sociopolitical and Historical Contexts -- Public Service Size and Structure -- Pay -- Public Service Management Bodies -- Parallel Structures -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Appendix E Timor-Leste Case Study -- Overview -- Sociopolitical and Historical Contexts -- Public Service Size and Structure -- Pay -- Public Service Management Bodies -- Parallel Structures -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Boxes -- Box I.1 Currency Conversion Method -- Box 3.1 Career- versus Position-Based Systems in OECD Countries -- Box 5.1 Technical Assistance and the Government of Timor-Leste's Lack of Control over Its Development Agenda -- Box A.1 Misleading Estimates from the 2002 Joint Assessment Mission to Afghanistan -- Box A.2 The Priority Reform and Restructuring Program in Afghanistan's Treasury Department -- Box A.3 Implications of Layering Position- and Career-Based Systems in Afghanistan -- Box B.1 Volunteer Teachers in Liberia and the Problem of Ghost Teachers -- Box B.2 The Infrastructure Implementation Unit in Liberia -- Box B.3 The IFMIS Project at the Department of the Budget (Former Bureau of the Budget) in Liberia -- Box C.1 The Records Management Improvement Program and Payroll Cleaning Exercise for Civil Servants and Health Employees in Sierra Leone (2008) -- Box D.1 General Government Composition in South Sudan -- Box D.2 Local Perceptions of Patronage in South Sudan -- Box D.3 South Sudan's E-Payroll System: A Modest Success Story -- Box D.4 Wrong Assumptions Guiding Technical Assistance in South Sudan -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 The Institutional Iceberg -- Figure 1.2 Stylized Game between Central and Decentralized Players -- Figure 1.3 Outcomes of De Facto Contestation over Public Service Institutions -- Figure 2.1 The Structure of Public Employment -- Figure 2.2 Gross Enrollment Ratio at Time of Peace Agreement (or Closest Available Date).

Figure 2.3 Educational Attainment of Public Servants, South Sudan and Timor-Leste -- Figure 2.4 Public Service Size at Time of Peace Agreement (or Earliest Available Date) -- Figure 2.5 Public Service Growth since Peace Agreement -- Figure 2.6 On-Payroll General Government Size and Composition Trends -- Figure 2.7 Public Service Size: Regional Comparison -- Figure 2.8 General Government Wage Bill Trends since Peace Agreement -- Figure 2.9 Growth of the General Government Wage Bill since End of Conflict -- Figure 2.10 Share of General Government Wage Bill Growth Explained by Employment Growth versus Pay Increases -- Figure 2.11 General Government Wage Bill as a Percentage of GDP, Government Expenses, and Revenues -- Figure 2.12 Size of the Core Civil Service Relative to General Government and the Population -- Figure 2.13 Size of the Public Service: Comparison with Preconflict Benchmarks -- Figure 2.14 Postconflict Fatalities versus Size of Defense and Security Forces -- Figure 2.15 Composition of General Government: Relative Size of Major Employee Groups -- Figure 2.16 Government's Aid Dependency and the Size of the Public Service -- Figure 2.17 Context-Contingent Deals with Ex-Combatants -- Figure 3.1 Types of Pay Policies Adopted in Postconflict Countries -- Figure 3.2 Compression Ratios between Managerial and Clerical Base Pay and Allowances, End of Conflict and Most Recent Year Available -- Figure 3.3 Type and Timing of Pay Reforms -- Figure 3.4 Average General Government Wages Relative to Per Capita GDP -- Figure 3.5 The Acceptance versus Qualification Trade-Off in Capacity-Injection Schemes -- Figure 4.1 Establishment, Payroll, and Expenditure Controls and Employment Irregularities -- Figure 4.2 Ratio of On-Payroll to Off-Payroll Salary Expenditures.

Figure 4.3 Stylized Summary of the Evolution of Public Service Bodies' Influence on Appointment Decisions -- Figure 4.4 Selected World Governance Indicators and the Influence of Public Service Bodies -- Figure 5.1 Implications of Aid Architecture and Fund-Flow Choices for Project-Level Financial Management Choices -- Figure 5.2 Share of Budget Support (and Other Program-Based Approaches) in Total Aid, 2010 -- Figure 5.3 Use of Government Budget Execution Procedures by the World Bank and All Donors, 2010 -- Figure 5.4 Two Stylized Parallel Structure Paths: Declining versus Chronic Technical Assistance Dependency -- Figure 5.5 Evolution of the Number of Civil Servants per Technical Assistant at Treasury Departments -- Figure 5.6 Evolution of the Number of Civil Servants per Technical Assistant at Budget Departments -- Figure 5.7 Association between TA Dependency and PEFA Scores for Treasury Departments -- Figure 5.8 Association between TA Dependency and PEFA Scores for Budget Departments -- Figure 5.9 Continuity of Support to Afghanistan's Treasury, despite Changing Contractors -- Figure A.1 On-Payroll General Government Size and Composition in Afghanistan, 2003-15 -- Figure A.2 General Government and Population Growth in Afghanistan, 2005-15 -- Figure A.3 Wage Bill Evolution in Afghanistan, 2005-15 -- Figure A.4 Wage Bill as a Share of Revenues and GDP in Afghanistan, 2005-15 -- Figure A.5 Comparison of Public Service Pay Levels in Afghanistan, 2001-15 -- Figure A.6 Comparison of CBR/NTA and Pay and Grading Pay Levels in Afghanistan -- Figure A.7 Number of Public Servants in Afghanistan Paid through Bank Accounts Relative to General Government Employment, 2006-12 -- Figure B.1 Aid Influx in Liberia as a Share of Central Government Expense and of GNI, 2005-15 -- Figure B.2 Distribution of Grades in the Public Service in Liberia, 2007.

Figure B.3 On-Payroll General Government Size and Composition in Liberia, 2003-17 -- Figure B.4 On-Payroll Government and Population Growth in Liberia, 2003-17 -- Figure B.5 Evolution of the Wage Bill in Liberia, FY2004/05-FY2014/15 -- Figure B.6 General Government Wage Bill in Liberia as a Share of GDP, Expenses, and Revenues, FY2004/05-FY2013/14 -- Figure B.7 Minimum and Maximum Civil Service Salaries in Liberia, 1982-2009 -- Figure B.8 Variance of Estimated Gross Monthly Earnings for Selected Positions in Liberia, by Staff Group, February 2014 -- Figure B.9 General and Special Allowances as a Share of the Total Wage Bill in Liberia (Excluding Supplementary Payroll), FY2014/15 -- Figure B.10 Comparison of Public Service Pay Levels in Liberia, 2005, 2007, and 2014 -- Figure B.11 Senior Executive Service Survey Results in Liberia -- Figure C.1 General Government Size and Composition in Sierra Leone, 2002-15 -- Figure C.2 General Government and Population Growth in Sierra Leone, 2002-15 -- Figure C.3 Wage Bill Evolution in Sierra Leone, 2002-14 -- Figure C.4 Wage Bill in Sierra Leone as a Share of GDP, Expenses, and Revenues, 2002-14 -- Figure C.5 Grade Composition of the Civil Service in Sierra Leone, 2001 and 2014 -- Figure C.6 Approximate Date of Entry of Civil Servants in Sierra Leone as of 2013 -- Figure C.7 Civil Servants and Health Employees Removed from the Payroll in Sierra Leone, 2008 -- Figure C.8 Average Monthly Civil Service Pay in Sierra Leone, by Grade, 2001, 2010, and 2014 -- Figure C.9 Differentiated Pay Levels: Civil Service, Health Employees, LTAs, and Semiautonomous Agencies in Sierra Leone -- Figure C.10 Annual Public Service Commission Personnel Budget and Total Recurrent Budget in Sierra Leone, 2001-13 -- Figure C.11 Actors and Institutions Associated with Public Sector Reform in Sierra Leone.

Figure C.12 Share of LTAs in the Staffing of the Budget Bureau, EPRU, AGD, and LGFD in Sierra Leone, 2012.

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