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Water Quality Engineering : Physical / Chemical Treatment Processes.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: New York Academy of Sciences SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013Copyright date: ©2013Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (907 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781118632307
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Water Quality EngineeringDDC classification:
  • 628.1/66
LOC classification:
  • TD430 .B386 2013
Online resources:
Contents:
Water Quality Engineering: Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes Analysis -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Reactors and Reactions in water Quality Engineering -- 1 Mass Balances -- 1.1 Introduction: The Mass Balance Concept -- 1.2 The Mass Balance for a System with Unidirectional Flow and Concentration Gradient -- The Storage Term -- The Advective Term -- The Diffusion and Dispersion Terms -- The Chemical Reaction Term -- Combining the Terms into the Overall Mass Balance -- The Differential Form of the One-Dimensional Mass Balance -- 1.3 The Mass Balance for a System with Flow and Concentration Gradients in Arbitrary Directions -- The Advection Term -- The Diffusion and Dispersion Terms -- The Storage and Reaction Terms -- The Overall Mass Balance -- 1.4 The Differential Form of the Three-Dimensional Mass Balance -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- Problems -- 2 Continuous Flow Reactors: Hydraulic Characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Residence Time Distributions -- Tracers -- Pulse Input Response -- Step Input Response -- Statistics of Probability Distributions and the Mean Hydraulic Detention Time -- 2.3 Ideal Reactors -- Plug Flow Reactors -- Pulse Input to a PFR: Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View) -- Pulse Input to a PFR: Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View) -- Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors -- Pulse Input to a CFSTR -- Step input to a CFSTR -- 2.4 Nonideal Reactors -- Tracer Output from Nonideal Reactors -- Relating Tracer Input and Output Curves via the Convolution Integral -- Modeling Residence Time Distributions of Nonideal Reactors -- PFR with Dispersion -- CFSTRs in Series -- Modeling Short-Circuiting and Dead Space -- PFRs in Parallel and Series: Segregated Flow and Early Versus Late Mixing -- Nonequivalent CFSTRs in Series -- Simple Indices of Hydraulic Behavior -- 2.5 Equalization.
Flow Equalization -- Concentration Equalization -- Concurrent Flow and Concentration Equalization -- 2.6 Summary -- Appendix 2A. Introduction to Laplace Transforms as a Method of Solving (Certain) Differential Equations -- Examples of the Use of Laplace Transforms -- References -- Problems -- 3 Reaction Kinetics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals -- Terminology -- The Kinetics of Elementary Reactions -- Frequency of Molecular Collisions -- Energetics of Molecular Collisions -- The Kinetics of Nonelementary Reactions -- Power Law and Other Rate Expressions for Nonelementary Reactions -- 3.3 Kinetics of Irreversible Reactions -- The Mass Balance for Batch Reactors with Irreversible Reactions -- The Integral Method of Reaction Rate Analysis -- Analysis of Reaction Half-Times -- Kinetics Expressions Containing Terms for the Concentrations of More Than One Reactive Species -- The Differential Method of Reaction Rate Analysis -- Analysis of Nonpower-Law Rate Expressions -- Characteristic Reaction Times -- 3.4 Kinetics of Reversible Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- Characteristic Times and Limiting Cases for Reversible Reactions -- Simplification of Reaction Rate Expressions for Limiting Cases -- Very Rapid and Very Slow Approach to Equilibrium as Limiting Cases -- Reaction Quotients, Equilibrium, and the Assumption of Irreversibility -- Nearly Complete Reaction as a Limiting Case -- Summary of Limiting Cases -- 3.5 Kinetics of Sequential Reactions -- The Progress of Consecutive Reactions and the Rate-Controlling Step -- The Thermodynamics of Sequential Reactions -- Steady State: Definition and Comparison with Chemical Equilibrium -- 3.6 The Temperature Dependence of the Rates of Nonelementary Reactions -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- Problems -- 4 Continuous Flow Reactors: Performance Characteristics with Reaction -- 4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Extent of Reaction in Single Ideal Reactors at Steady State -- Extent of Reaction in a Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor at Steady State -- First-Order Irreversible Reactions -- Non-First-Order Irreversible Reactions -- Extent of Reaction in a Plug Flow Reactor at Steady State -- Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View) -- Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View) -- Irreversible nth-Order Reactions -- Comparison of CFSTRs and PFRs for Irreversible Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- 4.3 Extent of Reaction in Systems Composed of Multiple Ideal Reactors at Steady State -- PFRs in Series -- CFSTRs in Series -- Application to Chemical Disinfection -- CFSTRs or PFRs in Parallel -- Using Reactors with Flow to Derive Rate Expressions -- 4.4 Extent of Reaction in Reactors with Nonideal Flow -- Fraction Remaining Based on the Exit Age Distribution -- Fraction Remaining Based on the Dispersion Model -- Summary of Steady-State Performance in Nonideal Reactors -- 4.5 Extent of Reaction Under Non-Steady-Conditions in Continuous Flow Reactors -- Extent of Conversion in PFRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- Extent of Conversion in CFSTRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- Extent of Conversion in Nonideal Reactors Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Problems -- Part II: Removal of Dissolved Constituents From water -- 5 Gas Transfer Fundamentals -- 5.1 Introduction -- Importance of Gas Transfer in Environmental Engineering -- Overview of Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- Overview of Transport and Reaction Kinetics in Gas Transfer Processes -- Incorporating Gas Transfer into Mass Balances -- Chapter Overview -- 5.2 Types of Engineered Gas Transfer Systems -- 5.3 Henry's Law and Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- Volatilization and Dissolution as a Chemical Reaction.
Partition Coefficients, Equilibrium Constants, and the Formal Definition of Henry's Law -- Dimensions of cL, cG, and Henry's Law Constant -- Factors Affecting Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- 5.4 Relating Changes in the Gas and Liquid Phases -- 5.5 Mechanistic Models for Gas Transfer -- Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transport in the Interfacial Region -- The Mass Balance on a Volatile Species Near a Gas/Solution Interface -- Gas Transfer and Transport Through a Fluid Packet at the Interface -- Flux Under Limiting-Case Scenarios: Short and Long Packet Residence Times -- Accounting for the Packet Age and Packet Residence Time Distribution -- The Gas Transfer Coefficient and Its Interpretation -- 5.6 The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Coefficient, KL -- The Combined Resistance of the Gas and Liquid Phases -- Comparing Gas-Phase and Liquid-Phase Resistances -- Coupled Transport and Reaction -- 5.7 Evaluating kL, kG, KL, and a: Effects of Hydrodynamic and Other Operating Conditions -- Approaches for Estimating Gas Transfer Rate Coefficients -- Gas-in-Liquid Systems -- Liquid-in-Gas Systems -- Effects of Other Parameters on Gas Transfer Rate Constants -- Temperature -- Solution Chemistry -- 5.8 Summary -- Appendix 5A. Conventions Used for Concentrations and Activity Coefficients When Computing Henry's Constants -- Overview -- Conventions for the Physicochemical Environment in the Standard State -- Appendix 5B. Derivation of the Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Volatile Species That Undergo Rapid Acid/Base Reactions -- References -- Problems -- 6 Gas Transfer: Reactor Design and Analysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Case I: Gas Transfer in Systems with a Well-Mixed Liquid Phase -- The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Case I Systems -- Analysis of Case I Systems in Batch Liquid Reactors -- Limiting Cases of the General Kinetic Expression -- Overview.
Macroscopic (Advective) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate -- Microscopic (Interfacial) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate -- Summary of Rate Limitations on Overall Gas Transfer Rate -- Case I Systems with Continuous Liquid Flow at Steady State -- Reactors with Plug Flow of Liquid -- Reactors with Flow and a Uniform Liquid-Phase Composition (CFSTRs with Respect to Liquid) -- Case I CFSTRs in Series -- Design Constraints and Choices for Case I Systems with Flow -- 6.3 Case II: Gas Transfer in Systems with Spatial Variations in the Concentrations of Both Solution and Gas -- The Mass Balance Around a Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: The Operating Line -- The Mass Balance Around a Differential Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: Development of the Design Equation for Case II Systems -- Pressure Loss and Liquid Holdup -- Use of the Design Equation for Case II Systems -- Description of the Influent Stream, Treatment Objectives, and Design Assumptions -- Exploration of Feasible Designs for Meeting the Treatment Criteria -- Sensitivity of the Column Size to Design Choices and Uncertainty in Parameter Values -- Case II Systems Other than Packed Columns -- 6.4 Summary -- Appendix 6A. Evaluation of KLa in Gas-in-Liquid Systems for Biological Treatment -- References -- Problems -- 7 Adsorption Processes: Fundamentals -- 7.1 Introduction -- Background and Chapter Overview -- Terminology and Overview of Adsorption Phenomena -- 7.2 Examples of Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems -- Use of Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment -- Sorption of NOM During Coagulation of Drinking Water -- Sorption of Cationic Metals onto Fe and Al Oxides -- Reactors for Adsorption onto Metal Hydroxide Solids -- 7.3 Conceptual, Molecular-Scale Models for Adsorption -- Two Views of the Interface and Adsorption Equilibrium.
Adsorption as a Surface Complexation Reaction.
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Water Quality Engineering: Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes Analysis -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Reactors and Reactions in water Quality Engineering -- 1 Mass Balances -- 1.1 Introduction: The Mass Balance Concept -- 1.2 The Mass Balance for a System with Unidirectional Flow and Concentration Gradient -- The Storage Term -- The Advective Term -- The Diffusion and Dispersion Terms -- The Chemical Reaction Term -- Combining the Terms into the Overall Mass Balance -- The Differential Form of the One-Dimensional Mass Balance -- 1.3 The Mass Balance for a System with Flow and Concentration Gradients in Arbitrary Directions -- The Advection Term -- The Diffusion and Dispersion Terms -- The Storage and Reaction Terms -- The Overall Mass Balance -- 1.4 The Differential Form of the Three-Dimensional Mass Balance -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- Problems -- 2 Continuous Flow Reactors: Hydraulic Characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Residence Time Distributions -- Tracers -- Pulse Input Response -- Step Input Response -- Statistics of Probability Distributions and the Mean Hydraulic Detention Time -- 2.3 Ideal Reactors -- Plug Flow Reactors -- Pulse Input to a PFR: Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View) -- Pulse Input to a PFR: Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View) -- Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors -- Pulse Input to a CFSTR -- Step input to a CFSTR -- 2.4 Nonideal Reactors -- Tracer Output from Nonideal Reactors -- Relating Tracer Input and Output Curves via the Convolution Integral -- Modeling Residence Time Distributions of Nonideal Reactors -- PFR with Dispersion -- CFSTRs in Series -- Modeling Short-Circuiting and Dead Space -- PFRs in Parallel and Series: Segregated Flow and Early Versus Late Mixing -- Nonequivalent CFSTRs in Series -- Simple Indices of Hydraulic Behavior -- 2.5 Equalization.

Flow Equalization -- Concentration Equalization -- Concurrent Flow and Concentration Equalization -- 2.6 Summary -- Appendix 2A. Introduction to Laplace Transforms as a Method of Solving (Certain) Differential Equations -- Examples of the Use of Laplace Transforms -- References -- Problems -- 3 Reaction Kinetics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals -- Terminology -- The Kinetics of Elementary Reactions -- Frequency of Molecular Collisions -- Energetics of Molecular Collisions -- The Kinetics of Nonelementary Reactions -- Power Law and Other Rate Expressions for Nonelementary Reactions -- 3.3 Kinetics of Irreversible Reactions -- The Mass Balance for Batch Reactors with Irreversible Reactions -- The Integral Method of Reaction Rate Analysis -- Analysis of Reaction Half-Times -- Kinetics Expressions Containing Terms for the Concentrations of More Than One Reactive Species -- The Differential Method of Reaction Rate Analysis -- Analysis of Nonpower-Law Rate Expressions -- Characteristic Reaction Times -- 3.4 Kinetics of Reversible Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- Characteristic Times and Limiting Cases for Reversible Reactions -- Simplification of Reaction Rate Expressions for Limiting Cases -- Very Rapid and Very Slow Approach to Equilibrium as Limiting Cases -- Reaction Quotients, Equilibrium, and the Assumption of Irreversibility -- Nearly Complete Reaction as a Limiting Case -- Summary of Limiting Cases -- 3.5 Kinetics of Sequential Reactions -- The Progress of Consecutive Reactions and the Rate-Controlling Step -- The Thermodynamics of Sequential Reactions -- Steady State: Definition and Comparison with Chemical Equilibrium -- 3.6 The Temperature Dependence of the Rates of Nonelementary Reactions -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- Problems -- 4 Continuous Flow Reactors: Performance Characteristics with Reaction -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Extent of Reaction in Single Ideal Reactors at Steady State -- Extent of Reaction in a Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor at Steady State -- First-Order Irreversible Reactions -- Non-First-Order Irreversible Reactions -- Extent of Reaction in a Plug Flow Reactor at Steady State -- Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View) -- Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View) -- Irreversible nth-Order Reactions -- Comparison of CFSTRs and PFRs for Irreversible Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- 4.3 Extent of Reaction in Systems Composed of Multiple Ideal Reactors at Steady State -- PFRs in Series -- CFSTRs in Series -- Application to Chemical Disinfection -- CFSTRs or PFRs in Parallel -- Using Reactors with Flow to Derive Rate Expressions -- 4.4 Extent of Reaction in Reactors with Nonideal Flow -- Fraction Remaining Based on the Exit Age Distribution -- Fraction Remaining Based on the Dispersion Model -- Summary of Steady-State Performance in Nonideal Reactors -- 4.5 Extent of Reaction Under Non-Steady-Conditions in Continuous Flow Reactors -- Extent of Conversion in PFRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- Extent of Conversion in CFSTRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- Extent of Conversion in Nonideal Reactors Under Non-Steady-State Conditions -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Problems -- Part II: Removal of Dissolved Constituents From water -- 5 Gas Transfer Fundamentals -- 5.1 Introduction -- Importance of Gas Transfer in Environmental Engineering -- Overview of Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- Overview of Transport and Reaction Kinetics in Gas Transfer Processes -- Incorporating Gas Transfer into Mass Balances -- Chapter Overview -- 5.2 Types of Engineered Gas Transfer Systems -- 5.3 Henry's Law and Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- Volatilization and Dissolution as a Chemical Reaction.

Partition Coefficients, Equilibrium Constants, and the Formal Definition of Henry's Law -- Dimensions of cL, cG, and Henry's Law Constant -- Factors Affecting Gas/Liquid Equilibrium -- 5.4 Relating Changes in the Gas and Liquid Phases -- 5.5 Mechanistic Models for Gas Transfer -- Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transport in the Interfacial Region -- The Mass Balance on a Volatile Species Near a Gas/Solution Interface -- Gas Transfer and Transport Through a Fluid Packet at the Interface -- Flux Under Limiting-Case Scenarios: Short and Long Packet Residence Times -- Accounting for the Packet Age and Packet Residence Time Distribution -- The Gas Transfer Coefficient and Its Interpretation -- 5.6 The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Coefficient, KL -- The Combined Resistance of the Gas and Liquid Phases -- Comparing Gas-Phase and Liquid-Phase Resistances -- Coupled Transport and Reaction -- 5.7 Evaluating kL, kG, KL, and a: Effects of Hydrodynamic and Other Operating Conditions -- Approaches for Estimating Gas Transfer Rate Coefficients -- Gas-in-Liquid Systems -- Liquid-in-Gas Systems -- Effects of Other Parameters on Gas Transfer Rate Constants -- Temperature -- Solution Chemistry -- 5.8 Summary -- Appendix 5A. Conventions Used for Concentrations and Activity Coefficients When Computing Henry's Constants -- Overview -- Conventions for the Physicochemical Environment in the Standard State -- Appendix 5B. Derivation of the Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Volatile Species That Undergo Rapid Acid/Base Reactions -- References -- Problems -- 6 Gas Transfer: Reactor Design and Analysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Case I: Gas Transfer in Systems with a Well-Mixed Liquid Phase -- The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Case I Systems -- Analysis of Case I Systems in Batch Liquid Reactors -- Limiting Cases of the General Kinetic Expression -- Overview.

Macroscopic (Advective) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate -- Microscopic (Interfacial) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate -- Summary of Rate Limitations on Overall Gas Transfer Rate -- Case I Systems with Continuous Liquid Flow at Steady State -- Reactors with Plug Flow of Liquid -- Reactors with Flow and a Uniform Liquid-Phase Composition (CFSTRs with Respect to Liquid) -- Case I CFSTRs in Series -- Design Constraints and Choices for Case I Systems with Flow -- 6.3 Case II: Gas Transfer in Systems with Spatial Variations in the Concentrations of Both Solution and Gas -- The Mass Balance Around a Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: The Operating Line -- The Mass Balance Around a Differential Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: Development of the Design Equation for Case II Systems -- Pressure Loss and Liquid Holdup -- Use of the Design Equation for Case II Systems -- Description of the Influent Stream, Treatment Objectives, and Design Assumptions -- Exploration of Feasible Designs for Meeting the Treatment Criteria -- Sensitivity of the Column Size to Design Choices and Uncertainty in Parameter Values -- Case II Systems Other than Packed Columns -- 6.4 Summary -- Appendix 6A. Evaluation of KLa in Gas-in-Liquid Systems for Biological Treatment -- References -- Problems -- 7 Adsorption Processes: Fundamentals -- 7.1 Introduction -- Background and Chapter Overview -- Terminology and Overview of Adsorption Phenomena -- 7.2 Examples of Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems -- Use of Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment -- Sorption of NOM During Coagulation of Drinking Water -- Sorption of Cationic Metals onto Fe and Al Oxides -- Reactors for Adsorption onto Metal Hydroxide Solids -- 7.3 Conceptual, Molecular-Scale Models for Adsorption -- Two Views of the Interface and Adsorption Equilibrium.

Adsorption as a Surface Complexation Reaction.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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