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Bioadhesives in Drug Delivery.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextSeries: Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020Copyright date: ©2020Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (422 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781119640257
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Bioadhesives in Drug DeliveryDDC classification:
  • 615.1
LOC classification:
  • RS201.B54 .B563 2020
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Fundamental Aspects -- Chapter 1 Introduction, Theories and Mechanisms of Bioadhesion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Historical Perspective -- 1.1.2 Bioadhesion in Biological Systems -- 1.1.3 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive -- 1.1.4 Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion -- 1.1.4.1 Molecular Weight of Polymer -- 1.1.4.2 Concentration of Polymer Used -- 1.1.4.3 Flexibility of Polymer Chains -- 1.1.4.4 Swelling -- 1.1.4.5 pH at Polymer-Mucus Interface -- 1.1.4.6 Mucin Turnover Rate -- 1.1.4.7 Stereochemistry -- 1.2 Bioadhesive Interactions -- 1.3 The Mechanistic Approach to Bioadhesion -- 1.4 Factors Controlling Bioadhesion -- 1.4.1 Chemical Interactions -- 1.4.1.1 Mussel Adhesion -- 1.4.1.2 Cell Adhesion to Biomaterials -- 1.4.2 Surface Morphology Effects -- 1.4.3 Physiological Factors -- 1.4.4 Physical and Mechanical Factors -- 1.4.4.1 Wetting Phenomenon -- 1.4.4.2 Interpenetration -- 1.5 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 1.5.1 Wetting Theory -- 1.5.2 Diffusion Theory -- 1.5.3 Electronic Theory -- 1.5.4 Adsorption Theory -- 1.5.5 Fracture Theory -- 1.6 Stages of Mucoadhesion -- 1.7 Modulation of Mucoadhesion -- 1.8 Adhesion Promoters -- 1.9 Surface Free Energy Analysis of Bioadhesion -- 1.10 Molecular Biology in Bioadhesion -- 1.11 Bioadhesives from Marine Sources -- 1.12 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 1.13 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Drug Delivery -- 2.2 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.2.1 Some Advantages of the Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.2.2 The General Need for Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.3 Mechanism of Bioadhesion -- 2.4 Requirements for an Ideal Bioadhesive/ Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 2.5 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion/Mucoadhesion.
2.5.1 Polymer Related Factors -- 2.5.1.1 Molecular Weight -- 2.5.1.2 Chain Length -- 2.5.1.3 Flexibility -- 2.5.1.4 Cross-Linking -- 2.5.1.5 Presence of Functional Groups -- 2.5.1.6 Concentration of Active Polymer -- 2.5.2 Environmental Factors -- 2.5.2.1 pH and Charge on the Polymer -- 2.5.2.2 Degree of Hydration -- 2.5.2.3 Initial Contact Time -- 2.5.2.4 Applied Pressure -- 2.5.2.5 Swelling -- 2.5.2.6 Ionic Strength -- 2.5.2.7 Mucus Gel Viscosity -- 2.5.3 Physiological Factors -- 2.5.3.1 Mucin Turnover -- 2.5.3.2 Disease States -- 2.6 Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications -- 2.6.1 Polymers -- 2.6.1.1 Natural Polymers -- 2.6.1.2 Synthetic Polymers -- 2.6.2 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers -- 2.6.3 Classification of Mucoadhesive Polymers -- 2.6.3.1 Classification Based on the Origin of the Polymer -- 2.6.3.2 Classification Based on Aqueous Solubility of the Polymer -- 2.6.3.3 Classification Based on the Type of Charge on the Polymer -- 2.6.4 Natural Polymers -- 2.6.4.1 Chitosan -- 2.6.4.2 Starch -- 2.6.4.3 Gelatin -- 2.6.4.4 Alginates -- 2.6.4.5 Hyaluronic Acid -- 2.6.5 Synthetic Polymers -- 2.6.5.1 Cellulose Derivatives -- 2.6.5.2 Polyacrylates -- 2.6.5.3 Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) -- 2.6.6 Classification Based on Aqueous Solubility of the Polymer -- 2.6.6.1 Water-Soluble Polymers -- 2.6.6.2 Water-Insoluble Polymers -- 2.6.7 Classification Based on the Type of Charge on the Polymer -- 2.6.7.1 Cationic Polymers -- 2.6.7.2 Anionic Polymers -- 2.6.7.3 Non-Ionic Polymers -- 2.7 Prospects of Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers in Bioadhesive Drug Delivery -- 2.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Methods for Characterization of Bioadhesiveness of Drug Delivery Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Bioadhesion -- 3.3 Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems (BDDS).
3.3.1 BDDS for Cutaneous Application -- 3.3.2 BDDS for Buccal Application -- 3.3.3 BDDS for Peroral Application -- 3.3.4 BDDS for Vaginal Application -- 3.3.5 BDDS for Nasal Application -- 3.3.6 BDDS for Ocular Application -- 3.4 Methods for Testing Bioadhesive Property of BDDS -- 3.4.1 In Vitro/Ex Vivo Tests -- 3.4.1.1 Bioadhesion Strength Tests -- 3.4.1.2 In Vitro Methods for Characterization of Bioadhesion at the Molecular Level -- 3.4.2 In Vivo Methods -- 3.4.2.1 Radiolabelled BDDS Transit Studies -- 3.4.2.2 Gamma Scintigraphy -- 3.4.2.3 In Vivo Detachment Tests -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- Part 2 Bioadhesive Formulations -- Chapter 4 Bioadhesive Films for Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 4.3 Bioadhesive Film-Forming Agents -- 4.4 Drug Delivery Applications of Bioadhesive Films -- 4.4.1 Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.1.1 Patches -- 4.4.1.2 Film-Forming Systems -- 4.4.2 Mucosal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.1 Buccal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.2 Vaginal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.3 Rectal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.4 Ocular Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.5 Nasal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.3 Oral Drug Delivery -- 4.4.3.1 Orodispersible Films (ODFs) -- 4.4.3.2 Sublingual Films -- 4.4.3.3 Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery -- 4.5 Current and Novel Bioadhesive Film Fabrication Techniques -- 4.5.1 Solvent Casting -- 4.5.2 Extrusion -- 4.5.3 Rolling -- 4.5.4 2D Printing -- 4.6 Evaluation of Bioadhesive Films -- 4.6.1 Bioadhesive Strength -- 4.6.2 Tensile Strength Measurement -- 4.6.3 Morphology and Thickness -- 4.6.4 Moisture Content -- 4.6.5 Permeation -- 4.6.6 Swelling -- 4.6.7 Irritation -- 4.6.8 Stability -- 4.6.9 Drug Loading and Drug Entrapment Efficiency -- 4.7 Summary -- 4.8 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Redox-Responsive Disulphide Bioadhesive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery.
5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanism of Disulphide Bond Formation -- 5.3 Disulphide Polymers for Colon Drug Delivery -- 5.4 Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery (CTDD) -- 5.4.1 Condition of the Colon for Drug Delivery -- 5.4.2 Approaches for Colon Drug Delivery -- Limitations of CTDD -- 5.5 Nanoformulations of Disulphide Polymers -- 5.5.1 Thiolated Pectin Polymers -- 5.5.2 Thiolated Sodium Alginate (TSA) Polymers -- 5.5.3 Thiolated Chitosan (TCS) Polymers -- 5.5.4 Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Polymers -- 5.5.5 Thiolated Dextran Polymers -- 5.5.6 Other Thiolated Polymers -- 5.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Bioadhesive Hydrogels and Their Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Bioadhesive Polymer -- 6.1.2 Hydrogels -- 6.1.3 Bioadhesive Hydrogels -- 6.2 Bioadhesive Hydrogel Films -- 6.3 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Gastrointestinal Delivery -- 6.4 Bioadhesive Hydrogels Administered through Injection -- 6.5 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Vaginal Delivery -- 6.6 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Rectal Delivery -- 6.7 Mucoadhesive Hydrogels Based Nanoparticles -- 6.8 Patents and Future Perspectives -- 6.9 Summary -- References -- Part 3 Drug Delivery Applications -- Chapter 7 Ocular Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and Their Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye -- 7.2.1 Anatomy and Function of the Eye -- 7.2.2 Structure of Cornea -- 7.3 Various Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers for Ocular Delivery -- 7.3.1 Chitosan as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.2 Starch (Drum-Dried Waxy Maize Starch, Pregelatinized Starch) -- 7.3.3 Sodium Hyaluronate (SH) as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.3.1 Functions of Sodium Hyaluronate -- 7.3.3.2 Viscoelasticity -- 7.3.3.3 Contact Angle -- 7.3.3.4 Adherence to the Mucin Layer (Mucoadhesivity) -- 7.3.3.5 Water Retention -- 7.3.3.6 Healing of Superficial Keratitis -- 7.3.3.7 Free Radical Scavenging.
7.3.4 Alginate Based Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.4.1 General Properties of ALGs -- 7.3.5 Gellan Gum as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.6 Albumin -- 7.3.7 Collagen Based Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.8 Xanthan Gum -- 7.3.9 Guar Gum -- 7.3.10 Gelatin -- 7.3.11 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (Xyloglucan) -- 7.3.12 Arabinogalactan -- 7.3.13 Gum Cordia -- 7.3.14 Bletilla Striata Polysaccharide (BSP) -- 7.3.15 Locust Bean Gum (Carob Bean Gum) -- 7.3.16 Carrageenan -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Buccal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and Their Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Advantages of a Buccal Bioadhesive System -- 8.1.2 Disadvantages of a Buccal Bioadhesive System -- 8.1.3 Ideal Characteristics of a Bioadhesive Dosage Form -- 8.1.4 Structure of Buccal Mucosa -- 8.2 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 8.2.1 Diffusion Theory -- 8.2.2 Adsorption Theory -- 8.2.3 Wetting Theory -- 8.2.4 Electronic Theory -- 8.2.5 Fracture Theory -- 8.3 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion -- 8.3.1 Bioadhesive Polymer Related Factors -- 8.3.1.1 Molecular Weight of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.2 Cross-Linking of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.3 Concentration of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.4 Mucoadhesive Polymer Chain Length -- 8.3.1.5 Flexibility of Mucoadhesive Polymer Chain -- 8.3.1.6 Charge on Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.7 H-Bonding of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.8 Spatial Configuration of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.9 Swelling of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.2 Environment Related Factors -- 8.3.2.1 pH -- 8.3.2.2 Saliva -- 8.3.2.3 Salivary Gland -- 8.3.2.4 Hydration -- 8.3.2.5 Mucin Turnover -- 8.3.2.6 Rate of Renewal of Mucoadhesive Cells -- 8.3.2.7 Disease State -- 8.3.2.8 Buccal Membrane Properties -- 8.4 Mechanism of Buccal Absorption -- 8.5 Buccal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 8.5.1 Solid Buccal Bioadhesive Dosage Forms -- 8.5.1.1 Buccal Tablets.
8.5.1.2 Microspheres.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Fundamental Aspects -- Chapter 1 Introduction, Theories and Mechanisms of Bioadhesion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Historical Perspective -- 1.1.2 Bioadhesion in Biological Systems -- 1.1.3 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive -- 1.1.4 Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion -- 1.1.4.1 Molecular Weight of Polymer -- 1.1.4.2 Concentration of Polymer Used -- 1.1.4.3 Flexibility of Polymer Chains -- 1.1.4.4 Swelling -- 1.1.4.5 pH at Polymer-Mucus Interface -- 1.1.4.6 Mucin Turnover Rate -- 1.1.4.7 Stereochemistry -- 1.2 Bioadhesive Interactions -- 1.3 The Mechanistic Approach to Bioadhesion -- 1.4 Factors Controlling Bioadhesion -- 1.4.1 Chemical Interactions -- 1.4.1.1 Mussel Adhesion -- 1.4.1.2 Cell Adhesion to Biomaterials -- 1.4.2 Surface Morphology Effects -- 1.4.3 Physiological Factors -- 1.4.4 Physical and Mechanical Factors -- 1.4.4.1 Wetting Phenomenon -- 1.4.4.2 Interpenetration -- 1.5 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 1.5.1 Wetting Theory -- 1.5.2 Diffusion Theory -- 1.5.3 Electronic Theory -- 1.5.4 Adsorption Theory -- 1.5.5 Fracture Theory -- 1.6 Stages of Mucoadhesion -- 1.7 Modulation of Mucoadhesion -- 1.8 Adhesion Promoters -- 1.9 Surface Free Energy Analysis of Bioadhesion -- 1.10 Molecular Biology in Bioadhesion -- 1.11 Bioadhesives from Marine Sources -- 1.12 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 1.13 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Drug Delivery -- 2.2 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.2.1 Some Advantages of the Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.2.2 The General Need for Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.3 Mechanism of Bioadhesion -- 2.4 Requirements for an Ideal Bioadhesive/ Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 2.5 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion/Mucoadhesion.

2.5.1 Polymer Related Factors -- 2.5.1.1 Molecular Weight -- 2.5.1.2 Chain Length -- 2.5.1.3 Flexibility -- 2.5.1.4 Cross-Linking -- 2.5.1.5 Presence of Functional Groups -- 2.5.1.6 Concentration of Active Polymer -- 2.5.2 Environmental Factors -- 2.5.2.1 pH and Charge on the Polymer -- 2.5.2.2 Degree of Hydration -- 2.5.2.3 Initial Contact Time -- 2.5.2.4 Applied Pressure -- 2.5.2.5 Swelling -- 2.5.2.6 Ionic Strength -- 2.5.2.7 Mucus Gel Viscosity -- 2.5.3 Physiological Factors -- 2.5.3.1 Mucin Turnover -- 2.5.3.2 Disease States -- 2.6 Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications -- 2.6.1 Polymers -- 2.6.1.1 Natural Polymers -- 2.6.1.2 Synthetic Polymers -- 2.6.2 Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers -- 2.6.3 Classification of Mucoadhesive Polymers -- 2.6.3.1 Classification Based on the Origin of the Polymer -- 2.6.3.2 Classification Based on Aqueous Solubility of the Polymer -- 2.6.3.3 Classification Based on the Type of Charge on the Polymer -- 2.6.4 Natural Polymers -- 2.6.4.1 Chitosan -- 2.6.4.2 Starch -- 2.6.4.3 Gelatin -- 2.6.4.4 Alginates -- 2.6.4.5 Hyaluronic Acid -- 2.6.5 Synthetic Polymers -- 2.6.5.1 Cellulose Derivatives -- 2.6.5.2 Polyacrylates -- 2.6.5.3 Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) -- 2.6.6 Classification Based on Aqueous Solubility of the Polymer -- 2.6.6.1 Water-Soluble Polymers -- 2.6.6.2 Water-Insoluble Polymers -- 2.6.7 Classification Based on the Type of Charge on the Polymer -- 2.6.7.1 Cationic Polymers -- 2.6.7.2 Anionic Polymers -- 2.6.7.3 Non-Ionic Polymers -- 2.7 Prospects of Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers in Bioadhesive Drug Delivery -- 2.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Methods for Characterization of Bioadhesiveness of Drug Delivery Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Bioadhesion -- 3.3 Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems (BDDS).

3.3.1 BDDS for Cutaneous Application -- 3.3.2 BDDS for Buccal Application -- 3.3.3 BDDS for Peroral Application -- 3.3.4 BDDS for Vaginal Application -- 3.3.5 BDDS for Nasal Application -- 3.3.6 BDDS for Ocular Application -- 3.4 Methods for Testing Bioadhesive Property of BDDS -- 3.4.1 In Vitro/Ex Vivo Tests -- 3.4.1.1 Bioadhesion Strength Tests -- 3.4.1.2 In Vitro Methods for Characterization of Bioadhesion at the Molecular Level -- 3.4.2 In Vivo Methods -- 3.4.2.1 Radiolabelled BDDS Transit Studies -- 3.4.2.2 Gamma Scintigraphy -- 3.4.2.3 In Vivo Detachment Tests -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- Part 2 Bioadhesive Formulations -- Chapter 4 Bioadhesive Films for Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 4.3 Bioadhesive Film-Forming Agents -- 4.4 Drug Delivery Applications of Bioadhesive Films -- 4.4.1 Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.1.1 Patches -- 4.4.1.2 Film-Forming Systems -- 4.4.2 Mucosal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.1 Buccal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.2 Vaginal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.3 Rectal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.4 Ocular Drug Delivery -- 4.4.2.5 Nasal Drug Delivery -- 4.4.3 Oral Drug Delivery -- 4.4.3.1 Orodispersible Films (ODFs) -- 4.4.3.2 Sublingual Films -- 4.4.3.3 Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery -- 4.5 Current and Novel Bioadhesive Film Fabrication Techniques -- 4.5.1 Solvent Casting -- 4.5.2 Extrusion -- 4.5.3 Rolling -- 4.5.4 2D Printing -- 4.6 Evaluation of Bioadhesive Films -- 4.6.1 Bioadhesive Strength -- 4.6.2 Tensile Strength Measurement -- 4.6.3 Morphology and Thickness -- 4.6.4 Moisture Content -- 4.6.5 Permeation -- 4.6.6 Swelling -- 4.6.7 Irritation -- 4.6.8 Stability -- 4.6.9 Drug Loading and Drug Entrapment Efficiency -- 4.7 Summary -- 4.8 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Redox-Responsive Disulphide Bioadhesive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery.

5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanism of Disulphide Bond Formation -- 5.3 Disulphide Polymers for Colon Drug Delivery -- 5.4 Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery (CTDD) -- 5.4.1 Condition of the Colon for Drug Delivery -- 5.4.2 Approaches for Colon Drug Delivery -- Limitations of CTDD -- 5.5 Nanoformulations of Disulphide Polymers -- 5.5.1 Thiolated Pectin Polymers -- 5.5.2 Thiolated Sodium Alginate (TSA) Polymers -- 5.5.3 Thiolated Chitosan (TCS) Polymers -- 5.5.4 Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Polymers -- 5.5.5 Thiolated Dextran Polymers -- 5.5.6 Other Thiolated Polymers -- 5.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Bioadhesive Hydrogels and Their Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Bioadhesive Polymer -- 6.1.2 Hydrogels -- 6.1.3 Bioadhesive Hydrogels -- 6.2 Bioadhesive Hydrogel Films -- 6.3 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Gastrointestinal Delivery -- 6.4 Bioadhesive Hydrogels Administered through Injection -- 6.5 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Vaginal Delivery -- 6.6 Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Rectal Delivery -- 6.7 Mucoadhesive Hydrogels Based Nanoparticles -- 6.8 Patents and Future Perspectives -- 6.9 Summary -- References -- Part 3 Drug Delivery Applications -- Chapter 7 Ocular Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and Their Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye -- 7.2.1 Anatomy and Function of the Eye -- 7.2.2 Structure of Cornea -- 7.3 Various Bioadhesive/Mucoadhesive Polymers for Ocular Delivery -- 7.3.1 Chitosan as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.2 Starch (Drum-Dried Waxy Maize Starch, Pregelatinized Starch) -- 7.3.3 Sodium Hyaluronate (SH) as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.3.1 Functions of Sodium Hyaluronate -- 7.3.3.2 Viscoelasticity -- 7.3.3.3 Contact Angle -- 7.3.3.4 Adherence to the Mucin Layer (Mucoadhesivity) -- 7.3.3.5 Water Retention -- 7.3.3.6 Healing of Superficial Keratitis -- 7.3.3.7 Free Radical Scavenging.

7.3.4 Alginate Based Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.4.1 General Properties of ALGs -- 7.3.5 Gellan Gum as Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.6 Albumin -- 7.3.7 Collagen Based Ocular Bioadhesive -- 7.3.8 Xanthan Gum -- 7.3.9 Guar Gum -- 7.3.10 Gelatin -- 7.3.11 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (Xyloglucan) -- 7.3.12 Arabinogalactan -- 7.3.13 Gum Cordia -- 7.3.14 Bletilla Striata Polysaccharide (BSP) -- 7.3.15 Locust Bean Gum (Carob Bean Gum) -- 7.3.16 Carrageenan -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Buccal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and Their Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Advantages of a Buccal Bioadhesive System -- 8.1.2 Disadvantages of a Buccal Bioadhesive System -- 8.1.3 Ideal Characteristics of a Bioadhesive Dosage Form -- 8.1.4 Structure of Buccal Mucosa -- 8.2 Theories of Bioadhesion -- 8.2.1 Diffusion Theory -- 8.2.2 Adsorption Theory -- 8.2.3 Wetting Theory -- 8.2.4 Electronic Theory -- 8.2.5 Fracture Theory -- 8.3 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion -- 8.3.1 Bioadhesive Polymer Related Factors -- 8.3.1.1 Molecular Weight of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.2 Cross-Linking of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.3 Concentration of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.4 Mucoadhesive Polymer Chain Length -- 8.3.1.5 Flexibility of Mucoadhesive Polymer Chain -- 8.3.1.6 Charge on Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.7 H-Bonding of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.8 Spatial Configuration of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.1.9 Swelling of Mucoadhesive Polymer -- 8.3.2 Environment Related Factors -- 8.3.2.1 pH -- 8.3.2.2 Saliva -- 8.3.2.3 Salivary Gland -- 8.3.2.4 Hydration -- 8.3.2.5 Mucin Turnover -- 8.3.2.6 Rate of Renewal of Mucoadhesive Cells -- 8.3.2.7 Disease State -- 8.3.2.8 Buccal Membrane Properties -- 8.4 Mechanism of Buccal Absorption -- 8.5 Buccal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems -- 8.5.1 Solid Buccal Bioadhesive Dosage Forms -- 8.5.1.1 Buccal Tablets.

8.5.1.2 Microspheres.

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