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Sludge : Types, Treatment Processes and Disposal.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: Air, Water and Soil Pollution Science and Technology SeriesPublisher: New York : Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009Copyright date: ©2009Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (335 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781617285790
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: SludgeDDC classification:
  • 628.3/64
LOC classification:
  • TD767 -- .B35 2009eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Synthetic Sludge as a Physical and Chemical Analogue of Real Sludge in the Activated Sludge Process -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Bioflocculation -- Review of Sludge Floc Formation -- DLVO theory -- Divalent cation bridging (DCB) theory -- The role of cations -- Activated Sludge Process -- Synthetic Sludge -- 2. Materials and Methods -- Polystyrene Latex Particles -- Polysaccharide -- Fibrous Cellulose -- Preparation of Synthetic Sludge -- Preparation of Activated Sludge - Laboratory System Setup and Operation -- Preparation of Activated Sludge - Steady-state Determination -- Settleability and Turbidity -- Settling and Dewatering Properties -- Polymer Conditioning -- Floc Size, Strength and Structure -- Filamentous Organism Quantification -- Calcium Analysis -- Monitoring the Dynamics of Flocculation -- 3. Effect of Calcium on Flocculation Dynamics -- 4. Effect of Calcium Ion on Floc Size Distribution -- 5. Effect of Alginate and Fibrous Cellulose on Flocculation Dynamics -- 6. Relationship between Cations and Polysaccharide on Flocculation Behaviour -- Synthetic Sludge -- Activated Sludge -- 7. Settleability and Turbidity -- 8. Sludge Dewatering -- 9. Sludge Conditioning -- 10. Floc Strength and Floc Structure -- 11. Conclusion -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Processes to Recovery Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge of Vegetable Oils -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water Degumming Sludge -- 3. Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge -- 3.1. Animal Feeds -- 3.2 Crude Lecithin -- 3.3. Oil -- 3.4. Deoiled Lecithin -- 3.5. Lecithin Fractionation -- 3.6. Pure Phospholipids -- 3.7. Chemical Modification of Lecithin -- 3.8. Enzymatic Modification of Lecithin -- 3.8.1. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
3.8.2. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) -- 3.8.3. Phospholipase B (PLB) / Lysophospholipase -- 3.8.4. Lipases -- 3.8.5. Phospholipase C (PLC) -- 3.8.6. Phospholipase D (PLD) -- 3.9. Liposomes -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- References -- A Survey of Methods for Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distributions of SRM -- 3. Phylogeny of SRM -- 3.1. Gram-negative Mesophilic SRM -- 3.2. Gram-negative Psychrophilic SRM -- 3.3. Gram-negative Thermophilic SRM -- 3.4. Gram-positive SRM -- 3.5. Archaeal SRM -- 4. Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms -- 4.1. Microbiological Methods -- 4.1.1. Broth bottle dilution -- 4.1.2. Agar deeps -- 4.1.3. Melt agar -- 4.2. Immunological Methods -- 4.2.1. Agglutination -- 4.2.2. Immunodiffusion -- 4.2.3. Immunofluorescence -- 4.2.4. ELISA -- 4.3. Biochemical Methods -- 4.3.1. Hydrogenase test -- 4.3.2. Cellular protein profiling -- 4.3.3. Cellular fatty acid analysis -- 4.4. Molecular Methods -- 4.4.1. Cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified genes -- 4.4.2. PCR with SRM-specific primers -- 4.4.3. DGGE -- 4.4.4. FISH -- 4.4.5. T-RFLP -- 4.4.6. DNA microarrays -- 4.4.7. Real-time PCR -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Nitrogen and Excess Sludge Management -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impact of a Metabolic Uncoupler (TCS) on Excess Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Removal -- 2.1. Effects of TCS on Sludge Growth under Oxic and Anoxic Conditions -- 2.2. Effect of TCS on Nitrification and Denitrification in Batch Experiments -- 2.3. Effect of TCS on Sludge Reduction and Process Stability in A/O Process -- 2.4. Effect of TCS on Nitrogen Removal in A/O System -- 2.5. Effect of TCS on Microbial Community in A/O Process -- 2.6. Summary -- 3. Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Control in A/O Process with Recirculation of Solubilized Excess Sludge.
3.1. Disintegration of Excess Sludge -- 3.1.1. Ozonation -- 3.1.2. Ultrasonic disintegration -- 3.1.3. High-pressure homogenizer -- 3.2. Solubilized Excess Sludge as Carbon Source for Denitrification -- 3.3. Batch Proteolysis of a Solubilized Sludge -- 3.4. Batch Nitrification of OS and AOS -- 3.5. Nitrogen Balance for OS Supernatant -- 3.6. A/O System Combined with Sludge Disintegration Process -- 3.7. Summary -- 4. Protein Recovery from Excess Sludge and Its Use as Animal Feed -- 4.1. Extraction of Cellular Protein -- 4.2. Characteristics of Recovered Protein -- 4.2..1 Nutritional analysis -- 4.2.2. Hazardous materials analysis -- 4.3. Animal Feed Test -- 4.4. Summary -- 5. Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Disintegrated and Deproteinized Excess Sludge -- 5.1. Effect of Cell Lysis on Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.2. Anaerobic Digestion of Deproteinized Sludge -- 5.3 Summary -- 6. Perspective -- References -- Sewage Sludge Treatment in -- the European Union -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sewage Sludge in the European Union -- 2.1. Legislation -- 2.2.Production of Sludge -- 2.3. Treatment of Sludge -- 2.3.1. Aerobic digestion -- 2.3.2. Lime stabilization -- 2.3.3. Pasteurization -- 2.3.4. Anaerobic digestion -- 2.3.5. Drying -- 2.3.6. Incineration of Sludge -- 3. Choice of Suitable Concept of -- Sludge Management Case Study -- 3.1. WWTP Description -- 3.2. Characteristics of Selected Alternatives -- C1: Keeping Current Concept - Digested Sludge Composting -- C2: Incineration of Digested Sludge in the Area of MSW Incineration Plant -- C3: Incineration of Digested Sludge as Part of Sludge Management -- C4: Incineration of Mixed Raw Sludge -- 3.3. Simulative Calculations and Their Application in Researched Area -- Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.3.2. Drying -- 3.3.3. Combustion -- 3.4. Simulative Calculations of Selected Alternatives.
3.4.1. Input Data for Simulative Calculations -- Anaerobic digestion of sludge -- Drying of sludge -- Incineration of sludge -- 3.4.2. Results for Mass and Heat Balances of Individual Processes -- Anaerobic digestion of sludge -- Drying of sludge -- Incineration of sludge -- 3.4.3. Analysis of Results Including Parametric Sensitivity -- Utilization of biogas in cogeneration units and biogas boilers -- Effect of air excess on sludge incineration -- Options for utilization of flue gases energy arising from sludge incineration -- 3.4.4. Results of Mass and Heat Balances of Selected Options -- Composting of digested sludge -- Incineration of digested sludge -- Mixed raw sludge incineration -- 3.5. Economic Evaluation -- 3.6. Summary of Results of Mass and Heat and Economic Balances -- 3.6.1. Discussion over Results -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of in-situ Sludge Reduction Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Plants -- Abstract -- Keywords: Biological treatment, energy recovery, in-situ technologies, operational control, phosphorus, sludge disintegration. -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms and Processes Involved in -- situ Reduction of Sludge Production -- 3. In-Situ Technologies -- 3.1. Operational Control -- 3.1.1. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) -- 3.1.2. Oxic-settling-anaerobic process (OSA process) -- 3.1.3. Extended aeration -- 3.1.4. Low sludge production (LSP) process -- 3.1.5. High dissolved oxygen process -- 3.1.6. Aerobic granulation -- 3.1.7. Anaerobic digestion and anammox process -- 3.2. Sludge Desintegration -- 3.2.1. Chemical disintegration -- 3.2.2. Physical disintegration -- 3.2.3. Biological disintegration -- 4. Evaluation -- a) Environmental considerations: -- b) Economical/financial considerations: -- c) Technical considerations: -- 5. Perspectives -- 6. Acknowledgements -- References.
Feasibility of Using a Mixture of Sewage Sludge and Incinerated Sewage Sludge as a Soil Amendment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Disposal of sewage sludge -- Sewage sludge Incineration -- Disposal of incinerated sewage sludge ash -- The study area -- Sewage sludge -- 2. Studies on Pampas Soils -- Greenhouse experiment -- Total Organic Carbon -- Liming effect -- Electrical Conductivity -- Lolium Perenne L. biomass -- Potentially trace elements concentration in aerial plant tissues of Loluim perenne L. -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Potential of Sludge Treatment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Disposal Requirements -- 1.2 Recent Sludge Disposal -- 2. Potential of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion -- 2.1 Effects of Sludge Characteristics on Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.1.1 Nutrient contents -- 2.1.2 Inhibition contents -- 1. Heavy Metals -- 2. Sulphide -- 2.2 Pretreatment for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.2.1 Mechanical pretreatment -- 2.2.2 Chemical pretreatment -- 2.2.3 Thermal pretreatment -- 2.2.4 Microwave and Ultrasound pretreatment -- 2.2.5 Advanced oxidation pretreatment -- 2.3 Thermal Pretreatment Kinetics -- 2.3.1 Kinetic model -- 2.3.2 The two-stage first-order reaction kinetic model -- 2.3.3 Generalized kinetic model -- 2.4 Energy output potential -- 3. Abbreviations -- References -- A Culture-Independent Novel Approach to Monitoring the Activity and Stability of Activated Sludge in Wastewater Treatment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of the Growth Activity of Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Using Catalytic DNA -- 2.1. Bulking by filamentous bacteria -- 2.2. 16S rRNA-based monitoring techniques -- 2.3. Catalytic DNA -- 2.4. S. natans-specific DNAzyme -- 2.5. Early detection of bulking in the activated sludge system by DNAzyme -- 2.6. Application to anammox bacteria -- 2.7. Advantages of the DNAzyme method.
3. Identification of Functional Genes Involved in Wastewater Treatment Using a Metagenomic Approach.
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Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Synthetic Sludge as a Physical and Chemical Analogue of Real Sludge in the Activated Sludge Process -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Bioflocculation -- Review of Sludge Floc Formation -- DLVO theory -- Divalent cation bridging (DCB) theory -- The role of cations -- Activated Sludge Process -- Synthetic Sludge -- 2. Materials and Methods -- Polystyrene Latex Particles -- Polysaccharide -- Fibrous Cellulose -- Preparation of Synthetic Sludge -- Preparation of Activated Sludge - Laboratory System Setup and Operation -- Preparation of Activated Sludge - Steady-state Determination -- Settleability and Turbidity -- Settling and Dewatering Properties -- Polymer Conditioning -- Floc Size, Strength and Structure -- Filamentous Organism Quantification -- Calcium Analysis -- Monitoring the Dynamics of Flocculation -- 3. Effect of Calcium on Flocculation Dynamics -- 4. Effect of Calcium Ion on Floc Size Distribution -- 5. Effect of Alginate and Fibrous Cellulose on Flocculation Dynamics -- 6. Relationship between Cations and Polysaccharide on Flocculation Behaviour -- Synthetic Sludge -- Activated Sludge -- 7. Settleability and Turbidity -- 8. Sludge Dewatering -- 9. Sludge Conditioning -- 10. Floc Strength and Floc Structure -- 11. Conclusion -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Processes to Recovery Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge of Vegetable Oils -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water Degumming Sludge -- 3. Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge -- 3.1. Animal Feeds -- 3.2 Crude Lecithin -- 3.3. Oil -- 3.4. Deoiled Lecithin -- 3.5. Lecithin Fractionation -- 3.6. Pure Phospholipids -- 3.7. Chemical Modification of Lecithin -- 3.8. Enzymatic Modification of Lecithin -- 3.8.1. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2).

3.8.2. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) -- 3.8.3. Phospholipase B (PLB) / Lysophospholipase -- 3.8.4. Lipases -- 3.8.5. Phospholipase C (PLC) -- 3.8.6. Phospholipase D (PLD) -- 3.9. Liposomes -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- References -- A Survey of Methods for Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distributions of SRM -- 3. Phylogeny of SRM -- 3.1. Gram-negative Mesophilic SRM -- 3.2. Gram-negative Psychrophilic SRM -- 3.3. Gram-negative Thermophilic SRM -- 3.4. Gram-positive SRM -- 3.5. Archaeal SRM -- 4. Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms -- 4.1. Microbiological Methods -- 4.1.1. Broth bottle dilution -- 4.1.2. Agar deeps -- 4.1.3. Melt agar -- 4.2. Immunological Methods -- 4.2.1. Agglutination -- 4.2.2. Immunodiffusion -- 4.2.3. Immunofluorescence -- 4.2.4. ELISA -- 4.3. Biochemical Methods -- 4.3.1. Hydrogenase test -- 4.3.2. Cellular protein profiling -- 4.3.3. Cellular fatty acid analysis -- 4.4. Molecular Methods -- 4.4.1. Cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified genes -- 4.4.2. PCR with SRM-specific primers -- 4.4.3. DGGE -- 4.4.4. FISH -- 4.4.5. T-RFLP -- 4.4.6. DNA microarrays -- 4.4.7. Real-time PCR -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Nitrogen and Excess Sludge Management -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impact of a Metabolic Uncoupler (TCS) on Excess Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Removal -- 2.1. Effects of TCS on Sludge Growth under Oxic and Anoxic Conditions -- 2.2. Effect of TCS on Nitrification and Denitrification in Batch Experiments -- 2.3. Effect of TCS on Sludge Reduction and Process Stability in A/O Process -- 2.4. Effect of TCS on Nitrogen Removal in A/O System -- 2.5. Effect of TCS on Microbial Community in A/O Process -- 2.6. Summary -- 3. Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Control in A/O Process with Recirculation of Solubilized Excess Sludge.

3.1. Disintegration of Excess Sludge -- 3.1.1. Ozonation -- 3.1.2. Ultrasonic disintegration -- 3.1.3. High-pressure homogenizer -- 3.2. Solubilized Excess Sludge as Carbon Source for Denitrification -- 3.3. Batch Proteolysis of a Solubilized Sludge -- 3.4. Batch Nitrification of OS and AOS -- 3.5. Nitrogen Balance for OS Supernatant -- 3.6. A/O System Combined with Sludge Disintegration Process -- 3.7. Summary -- 4. Protein Recovery from Excess Sludge and Its Use as Animal Feed -- 4.1. Extraction of Cellular Protein -- 4.2. Characteristics of Recovered Protein -- 4.2..1 Nutritional analysis -- 4.2.2. Hazardous materials analysis -- 4.3. Animal Feed Test -- 4.4. Summary -- 5. Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Disintegrated and Deproteinized Excess Sludge -- 5.1. Effect of Cell Lysis on Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.2. Anaerobic Digestion of Deproteinized Sludge -- 5.3 Summary -- 6. Perspective -- References -- Sewage Sludge Treatment in -- the European Union -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sewage Sludge in the European Union -- 2.1. Legislation -- 2.2.Production of Sludge -- 2.3. Treatment of Sludge -- 2.3.1. Aerobic digestion -- 2.3.2. Lime stabilization -- 2.3.3. Pasteurization -- 2.3.4. Anaerobic digestion -- 2.3.5. Drying -- 2.3.6. Incineration of Sludge -- 3. Choice of Suitable Concept of -- Sludge Management Case Study -- 3.1. WWTP Description -- 3.2. Characteristics of Selected Alternatives -- C1: Keeping Current Concept - Digested Sludge Composting -- C2: Incineration of Digested Sludge in the Area of MSW Incineration Plant -- C3: Incineration of Digested Sludge as Part of Sludge Management -- C4: Incineration of Mixed Raw Sludge -- 3.3. Simulative Calculations and Their Application in Researched Area -- Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.3.2. Drying -- 3.3.3. Combustion -- 3.4. Simulative Calculations of Selected Alternatives.

3.4.1. Input Data for Simulative Calculations -- Anaerobic digestion of sludge -- Drying of sludge -- Incineration of sludge -- 3.4.2. Results for Mass and Heat Balances of Individual Processes -- Anaerobic digestion of sludge -- Drying of sludge -- Incineration of sludge -- 3.4.3. Analysis of Results Including Parametric Sensitivity -- Utilization of biogas in cogeneration units and biogas boilers -- Effect of air excess on sludge incineration -- Options for utilization of flue gases energy arising from sludge incineration -- 3.4.4. Results of Mass and Heat Balances of Selected Options -- Composting of digested sludge -- Incineration of digested sludge -- Mixed raw sludge incineration -- 3.5. Economic Evaluation -- 3.6. Summary of Results of Mass and Heat and Economic Balances -- 3.6.1. Discussion over Results -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of in-situ Sludge Reduction Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Plants -- Abstract -- Keywords: Biological treatment, energy recovery, in-situ technologies, operational control, phosphorus, sludge disintegration. -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms and Processes Involved in -- situ Reduction of Sludge Production -- 3. In-Situ Technologies -- 3.1. Operational Control -- 3.1.1. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) -- 3.1.2. Oxic-settling-anaerobic process (OSA process) -- 3.1.3. Extended aeration -- 3.1.4. Low sludge production (LSP) process -- 3.1.5. High dissolved oxygen process -- 3.1.6. Aerobic granulation -- 3.1.7. Anaerobic digestion and anammox process -- 3.2. Sludge Desintegration -- 3.2.1. Chemical disintegration -- 3.2.2. Physical disintegration -- 3.2.3. Biological disintegration -- 4. Evaluation -- a) Environmental considerations: -- b) Economical/financial considerations: -- c) Technical considerations: -- 5. Perspectives -- 6. Acknowledgements -- References.

Feasibility of Using a Mixture of Sewage Sludge and Incinerated Sewage Sludge as a Soil Amendment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Disposal of sewage sludge -- Sewage sludge Incineration -- Disposal of incinerated sewage sludge ash -- The study area -- Sewage sludge -- 2. Studies on Pampas Soils -- Greenhouse experiment -- Total Organic Carbon -- Liming effect -- Electrical Conductivity -- Lolium Perenne L. biomass -- Potentially trace elements concentration in aerial plant tissues of Loluim perenne L. -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Potential of Sludge Treatment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Disposal Requirements -- 1.2 Recent Sludge Disposal -- 2. Potential of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion -- 2.1 Effects of Sludge Characteristics on Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.1.1 Nutrient contents -- 2.1.2 Inhibition contents -- 1. Heavy Metals -- 2. Sulphide -- 2.2 Pretreatment for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.2.1 Mechanical pretreatment -- 2.2.2 Chemical pretreatment -- 2.2.3 Thermal pretreatment -- 2.2.4 Microwave and Ultrasound pretreatment -- 2.2.5 Advanced oxidation pretreatment -- 2.3 Thermal Pretreatment Kinetics -- 2.3.1 Kinetic model -- 2.3.2 The two-stage first-order reaction kinetic model -- 2.3.3 Generalized kinetic model -- 2.4 Energy output potential -- 3. Abbreviations -- References -- A Culture-Independent Novel Approach to Monitoring the Activity and Stability of Activated Sludge in Wastewater Treatment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of the Growth Activity of Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Using Catalytic DNA -- 2.1. Bulking by filamentous bacteria -- 2.2. 16S rRNA-based monitoring techniques -- 2.3. Catalytic DNA -- 2.4. S. natans-specific DNAzyme -- 2.5. Early detection of bulking in the activated sludge system by DNAzyme -- 2.6. Application to anammox bacteria -- 2.7. Advantages of the DNAzyme method.

3. Identification of Functional Genes Involved in Wastewater Treatment Using a Metagenomic Approach.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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