Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (371 pages)
Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Authors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editorial -- Chapter 1: Rainwater harvesting systems for urban developments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 International Experiences with Rainwater Harvesting Systems -- 1.3 The Australian Experience with Rainwater Tank Systems -- 1.4 Key Issues for Greater Uptake of Rainwater Tank Systems -- 1.4.1 Estimating rainwater system yield and mains water savings -- 1.4.2 Understanding the risks associated with rainwater quality -- 1.4.3 Guidelines for managing risks of rainwater use -- 1.4.4 Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of rainwater tanks -- 1.4.5 Understanding the indirect costs and benefits of rainwater tanks (externalities) -- 1.4.6 Impact of rainwater systems on stormwater flows and nutrient loads -- 1.4.7 Impact of rainwater tank systems on centralised water systems and water quality -- 1.4.8 Energy consumption in rainwater tank systems -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 1.6 References -- Chapter 2: Rainwater tank modelling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Concepts Underlying A Rain Water Tank Model -- 2.3 Aspects of Some Existing Rain Water Tank Models -- 2.3.1 Time-step and climate data inputs -- 2.3.2 Water demand data inputs -- 2.3.3 Roof runoff modelling -- 2.3.4 Tank water balance configurations -- 2.3.5 Model outputs -- 2.4 Influence of Different Variables in the Tank Simulation -- 2.4.1 Time-step and spill rule -- 2.4.2 Roof area -- 2.4.3 Tank size -- 2.4.4 Demand -- 2.4.5 Initial and continuing losses -- 2.4.6 Simulation length -- 2.4.7 Validation -- 2.5 Upscaling of Rainwater Tank Behaviour to Multiple Tanks -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3: Quantifying mains water savings from residential rainwater tanks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Why quantify mains water savings? -- 3.1.2 Previous studies on mains water savings. 3.1.3 Chapter objectives and scope -- 3.2 Case Study 1 - Desktop Analysis of Mains Water Savings -- 3.2.1 Background -- 3.2.2 Methods -- 3.2.3 Results -- 3.2.4 Discussion and implications -- 3.2.5 Limitations of Case Study 1 -- 3.2.6 Concluding remarks -- 3.3 Case Study 2 - Benchmark Analysis of Mains Water Savings -- 3.3.1 Background -- 3.3.2 Research aims -- 3.3.3 Methods -- 3.3.4 Results and discussion -- 3.3.5 Challenges and limitations -- 3.3.6 Concluding remarks -- 3.4 Case Study 3 - Water Savings from Rebated Rainwater Tanks -- 3.4.1 Background -- 3.4.2 Methods -- 3.4.3 Mains water savings results -- 3.4.4 Interpretation and implications -- 3.4.5 Challenges and limitations -- 3.4.6 Concluding remarks -- 3.5 Key Considerations in Quantifying Mains Savings -- 3.5.1 Quality of the datasets -- 3.5.2 Mixed method and analyses -- 3.5.3 Sample size v quality of datasets -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 3.7 References -- Chapter 4: Monitoring of household rainwater tank systems for rainwater usage -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Monitoring of Water Usage in Rainwater Tank Systems -- 4.2.1 Drivers for monitoring -- 4.2.2 Case studies in Australia -- 4.3 Rainwater System Components, Accessories and Configurations -- 4.4 Experimental Approaches -- 4.4.1 Monitoring methods -- 4.4.2 Instrumentation -- 4.4.3 Sample number and ethics approval -- 4.4.4 Site inspections and audits -- 4.4.5 Correlation with weather and seasonal patterns -- 4.4.6 Monitoring duration and intervals -- 4.5 Data Management -- 4.5.1 Data cleansing and validation -- 4.5.2 Data analysis -- 4.6 Case Study 1: Rainwater Tank Monitoring, South East Queensland, Australia -- 4.6.1 Data analysis and results -- 4.7 Case Study 2: Sydney Water, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia -- 4.7.1 Data analysis and results -- 4.8 Other Cost Considerations Associated with Monitoring -- 4.9 Conclusion. 4.10 References -- Chapter 5: Physical verification of household rainwater tank systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rainwater Tank Installation Compliance Monitoring Framework -- 5.2.1 Sydney BASIX assessment -- 5.2.2 Queensland Development Code Performance criteria -- 5.2.3 Rainwater tank installation audit protocol -- 5.3 Application of the Method to the SEQ Case Study Area -- 5.3.1 Context -- 5.3.2 Data collection -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 General rainwater tank characteristics -- 5.4.2 Rainwater tank storage volume -- 5.4.3 Connected roof area -- 5.4.4 Connection to toilets, washing machines and external use -- 5.4.5 Continuous supply -- 5.4.6 Water quality protection -- 5.5 Summary and Conclusion -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6: Understanding energy usage in rainwater tank systems through laboratory and household monitoring -- 6.1 Energy Usage in Rainwater Systems -- 6.2 Rainwater System Set-Up -- 6.3 Energy Use Estimation -- 6.3.1 Factors impacting energy consumption -- 6.3.2 Pump performance -- 6.3.3 Pump design and characteristics -- 6.3.4 End use water requirements -- 6.3.5 Dwelling occupancy and characteristics -- 6.3.6 Friction losses -- 6.3.7 Other components -- 6.4 Reducing Energy Use for Rainwater Systems - Lessons from Australia -- 6.4.1 Policy considerations for rainwater system energy use -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 References -- Chapter 7: Management and operational needs for urban rainwater tanks -- 7.1 The Need for Managing Rainwater Tanks -- 7.2 Issues to Consider in the Management of Urban Rainwater Tanks -- 7.3 Private Ownership vs Public Benefit -- 7.4 Factors that Influence Condition -- 7.4.1 Maintenance -- 7.4.2 Design -- 7.4.3 Installation -- 7.5 Local Context -- 7.5.1 Local regulatory environment -- 7.5.2 Understanding behaviour -- 7.6 Research Framework. 7.7 Application of the Research Framework: The South East Queensland Case Study -- 7.7.1 South East Queensland context -- 7.7.2 Definition of strategies -- 7.7.3 Assessing strategies -- 7.8 Discussion -- 7.9 Conclusions -- 7.10 References -- Chapter 8: Public perceptions, motivational drivers, and maintenance behaviour for urban rainwater tanks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Past Social Research on Rainwater Use in Urban Australia -- 8.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Understanding Public Acceptance, Adoption and Maintenance of Rainwater Tanks -- 8.4 Investigating Public Acceptance of Rainwater Tanks: Qualitative Methods -- 8.4.1 Identifying facilitators and barriers to rainwater tank adoption in South East Queensland -- 8.4.2 Case study findings -- 8.5 Investigating Public Acceptance of Rainwater Tanks: Quantitative Methods -- 8.5.1 Predictors of rainwater tank adoption in South East Queensland -- 8.5.2 Case study findings -- 8.6 Identifying Motivational Drivers of Rainwater Tank Maintenance: Quantitative Methods -- 8.6.1 Drivers of rainwater tank maintenance behaviour for mandated tank owners -- 8.6.2 Case study results -- 8.6.3 Drivers of rainwater tank maintenance behaviour for retrofitted versus mandated tanks -- 8.6.4 Case study results -- 8.7 Conclusion -- 8.7.1 How can we influence public acceptance and adoption of rainwater tanks? -- 8.7.2 How can we encourage more effective maintenance of domestic rainwater tanks? -- 8.8 References -- Chapter 9: Chemical quality of rainwater in rain tanks -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 The uses of tank water -- 9.1.2 Water quality guidelines -- 9.2 Water Quality from Rainfall to Roof to Tank -- 9.2.1 Rainwater and atmospheric influences on inflow quality -- 9.2.2 The effect of roof material on the quality of tank inflows -- 9.2.3 A statistical overview of roof runoff quality -- 9.2.4 Improving tank inflow quality. 9.2.5 The rain tank as a water treatment device -- 9.3 Measurements of Rain Tank Water Quality -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Studies of tank water quality: A summary -- 9.3.3 Meta-analysis: Proportion of tanks with high lead concentrations -- 9.3.4 pH of tank water and relationship with lead concentration -- 9.3.5 Quality aspects of tank supply to hot water systems -- 9.4 Improving the Quality of Water Supplied by Rain Tanks -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 9.6 References -- Chapter 10: Microbiological quality and associated health risks with the use of roof-captured rainwater -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Faecal Indicators and Pathogens in Roof-Captured Rainwater -- 10.2.1 Faecal indicators -- 10.2.2 Bacterial pathogens -- 10.2.3 Opportunistic bacterial pathogens -- 10.2.4 Protozoa pathogens -- 10.2.5 Likely sources of Escherichia coli harboring toxin genes in rainwater tanks -- 10.2.6 Presence and source of faecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in household drinking water taps fed from rainwater tanks in South East Queensland -- 10.2.7 Inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria in a roof-captured rainwater system -- 10.3 Health Risks Associated with Roof Captured Rainwater -- 10.3.1 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to determine health risk from the use of roof-captured rainwater -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations -- 10.5 References -- Chapter 11: Cluster-scale rainwater harvesting -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Literature Review -- 11.2.1 Examples of cluster-scale rainwater harvesting -- 11.2.2 Impediments and benefits -- 11.3 Case Studies of Cluster-Scale Harvesting -- 11.3.1 Capo di Monte -- 11.3.2 Wannon water's roof water harvesting project -- 11.3.3 Christie walk -- 11.3.4 Fitzgibbon chase potable roof water (PotaRoo) scheme -- 11.4 Modelling the Performance of Individual vs. Cluster Rainwater Harvesting. 11.5 Method for the Design of CSRH Systems.
9781780405360
Water harvesting. Rainwater. Tanks. Cisterns. Municipal water supply.