Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa : Uptake, Reliability, and Complementary Factors for Economic Impact.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (167 pages)
- Africa Development Forum Series .
- Africa Development Forum Series .
Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Uptake and Demand, Often Neglected, Are Key to Addressing Access Deficits -- While Removing Key Demand Barriers Can Bring Some Gains in Access, Most Are Often Symptoms, Not Root Causes of Low Access -- Without Addressing Structural Challenges, Utilities Will Continue to Face Financial Disincentives to Streamline and Remove Access Barriers -- Sustained Development Gains Can Only Be Achieved by Focusing on Enhancing Economic Impact through Firms and Productive Uses -- Prioritizing Reliability Would Boost Uptake and Enhance Economic Impact -- Provision of Complementary Factors Is Needed to Maximize the Economic Impact of Reliable Electricity -- Key Overarching Policy Implications -- References -- Chapter 1 Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Taking Stock and Looking Forward -- Poor State of Electrification Compared with the Rest of the World -- Challenges Requiring Sound Strategies -- Conclusion -- Road Map -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Low Uptake: A Challenge or an Opportunity? -- Electricity Uptake in Areas under the Grid: Low-Hanging Fruit? -- Low Willingness to Pay Despite High Desire for Access -- Demand and Supply Are Interlinked, but Demand Matters More Than Perceived -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Enabling Higher Uptake: Constraints and Opportunities -- Macro Influences on Uptake and Consumption -- What Drives Uptake for Areas under the Grid? -- Accounting for Uptake ahead of Grid Expansion -- Off-Grid Solutions Can Help Expand Basic Access, but They Face Low Uptake Too -- Electricity for What? Productive Use, Income Generation, and Jobs at Center Stage -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Prioritizing Reliability for Economic Impact. Unreliability Affects Economic Activities through Several Channels -- Reliability and Economic Impact: Recent Evidence from Africa -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Estimation of the Impact of Electricity Outages on Firm Productivity and Output -- Note -- References -- Chapter 5 Electricity Plus: Leveraging Complementary Factors for Impact -- Necessary but Often Not Sufficient -- Drivers of Electricity Impact: What Can We Learn from the Literature? -- Identifying Complementary Factors: Evidence from the MTF Data -- Demand for Electricity for Income-Generating Activities: Qualitative Evidence from Rural Senegal -- Beyond Lighting: Solar Off-Grid Solutions Should Primarily Target Economic Livelihoods -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 The Way Forward: Conclusions and Recommendations -- Key Overarching Policy Implications -- Notes -- Reference -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Accelerating Access to Electricity: Lessons from Vietnam -- Box 1.2 What Does Urbanization Mean for Electricity Access? -- Box 2.1 Data Sources -- Box 2.2 Uptake Rate at a Granular Level in Rural Kenya and Tanzania -- Box 2.3 Stated Willingness to Pay in Liberia and Zambia -- Box 2.4 Mobilizing Demand -- Box 3.1 Household Connection Cost: An Illustration from Niger -- Box 4.1 Defining Reliability -- Box 4.2 Reliable Electricity and the Digital Economy -- Box 4.3 Electricity Outages, Entrepreneurship, and Business Entry -- Box 4.4 Study Location, Data, and Methodology for Analysis of the Impact of Outages on Firm Performance -- Box 4.5 Effects of a Power Crisis on Small Firms in Ghana -- Box 4.6 Associations among Access, Quality of Service Provision, and Economic Outcomes -- Box 5.1 Solar Electricity and Off-Season Farming: The Experience of Gabbar, Senegal -- Box 6.1 How Has Ghana Achieved High Uptake? -- Figures. Figure O.1 A Framework for Addressing the Electricity Access Deficit in Africa -- Figure 1.1 Access to Electricity -- Figure 1.2 Relation between GDP per Capita and Access to Electricity, 2016 -- Figure 1.3 Number of Years to Increase Access to Electricity to 80 Percent from 20 Percent in Selected Countries, and to 80 Percent from 30 Percent in Ghana -- Figure 1.4 Relation between GDP per Capita and Electricity Consumption -- Figure 1.5 Electric Power Consumption, 2014 -- Figure 1.6 Price of Powering a Refrigerator for a Year as a Percentage of GDP per Capita -- Figure 1.7 Enterprise Electricity Reliability -- Figure 1.8 Reliability of Grid Electricity in Connected Households in Africa -- Figure 1.9 Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Electricity (RISE), Bottom 20 Countries Relative to the Highest Performer in Africa, 2016 -- Figure B1.1.1 Vietnam: Access to Electricity -- Figure 1.10 TFP in Manufacturing and Personal Computer Ownership and Business Sector Multifactor Productivity, United States -- Figure 1.11 Thinking Long Term about the Impacts of Electrification in Africa -- Figure 1.12 Africa's Urban Population -- Figure 1.13 Future Electricity Network -- Figure 1.14 Africa Power Generation Scenarios -- Figure B2.1.1 Correlation between Electricity Access Figures from Afrobarometer and World Development Indicators -- Figure 2.1 Electricity Uptake According to Different Sources -- Figure 2.2 Evolution of Coverage, Population, and Access over Time -- Figure 2.3 Electricity Uptake over Time in Selected Countries -- Figure B2.2.1 Mean Transformer Community Electrification Rates, by Structure Type and Funding or Installation Year -- Figure B2.2.2 Probability of Connection and Distance to the Nearest Electric Pole -- Figure 2.4 Stated Willingness to Pay for Electricity Services in Rwanda. Figure 2.5 Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Electricity Services in Rwanda -- Figure B2.3.1 Stated Willingness to Pay for Grid Electricity in Liberia -- Figure B2.3.2 Stated Willingness to Pay for Grid Electricity in Zambia -- Figure 2.6 Decomposition of the Access Gap, by Region -- Figure B2.4.1 Electricity Access and Mobile Phone Ownership, Rural Households in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2016 or Latest Data Available -- Figure B2.4.2 Annual Cost of Charging Mobile Phones and Distribution of Off-Grid Lighting and Mobile Phone Charging Costs -- Figure 3.1 Electricity Consumption and Urbanization -- Figure 3.2 Electricity Consumption, by Sector -- Figure 3.3 Process to Get Connected to the Grid -- Figure 3.4 Average Number of Weeks to Get Connected to Electricity -- Figure 3.5 Household Connection Costs -- Figure 3.6 Willingness to Pay for a Grid Connection in Rwanda -- Figure 3.7 Electricity Uptake and Reliability in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 3.8 Household Connections and Electricity Reliability in the Community -- Figure 3.9 Reliability and the Probability of Connection -- Figure 3.10 Average Retail Price Based on Monthly Consumption of 50 kWh -- Figure 3.11 Present Value of Gross Profit from an Additional User, before Connection Costs -- Figure 3.12 Equilibrium Break-Even Connection Charge and Share of Connected Households, as a Function of the Regulated Price of Electricity -- Figure 3.13 Sensitivity of Optimal Connection Charges and Share of Connected Households -- Figure 3.14 Comparison of Communities under a Grid and Those without a Grid -- Figure 3.15 Annual Sales of Branded Pico Solar Lighting Products in Africa -- Figure 3.16 Willingness to Pay and Product Warranty: Evidence from Senegal -- Figure 3.17 Willingness to Pay for Different Service Levels -- Figure 3.18 Sustainable Energy for All Electricity Access Tiers. Figure 3.19 Most Important Problems in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 4.1 Effects of Electricity Reliability on Economic Transformation -- Figure B4.3.1 Effects of Electricity Outages on Entrepreneurship and Firm Entry -- Figure 4.2 Socioeconomic Impact of Reliable Electricity in India -- Figure 4.3 Effect of Electricity Outages on Output, Revenue, and Productivity -- Figure 4.4 Electricity Outages, Trade Competitiveness, and Labor Demand -- Figure B4.5.1 Coping Strategies of Firms in Ghana -- Figure B4.5.2 Willingness to Pay and Electricity Expenditure of Firms in Ghana -- Figure 4.5 Effects of Electricity Outages on Employment -- Figure B4.6.1 Densification and Employment -- Figure B4.6.2 High Quality of Electricity Provision and Employment -- Figure 4.6 Electricity Access, Reliability, and Tax Compliance Attitudes -- Figure 4.7 Reliability and Tax Compliance Attitudes -- Figure 4.8 Reliability and Tax Compliance Attitudes: A Rural-Urban Perspective -- Figure 4.9 Simulated Tax Revenue Gains from the Provision of Reliable Electricity -- Figure 4A.1 Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Electricity Access -- Figure 5.1 Economic Potential and Electricity -- Figure 5.2 Share of Firms That Reported the Listed Factor as a Major Constraint, among Firms Not Listing Electricity as a Constraint -- Figure 5.3 Marginal Effects of Access to Reliable Electricity Conditional on Facilitating Factors -- Figure 6.1 Role of Stakeholders and Actions to Accelerate Progress toward Access to Electricity -- Figure B6.1.1 Ghana: Access to Electricity and Evolution of the Poverty Rate -- Maps -- Map 1.1 Access to Reliable Electricity, by Firms and Households -- Map 2.1 Electricity Uptake for Households under the Grid -- Map B4.4.1 Countries Included in the Analysis of the Impacts of Electricity Outages on Firms -- Tables -- Table 3.1 Factors Affecting Uptake and Consumption. Table 3.2 Determinants of Uptake: OLS and Heckman Two-Stage Model Results.