Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Chondrichthyes : Sharks, Batoids, and Chimaeras, Volume 3.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (575 pages)
- Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny Series .
- Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny Series .
Intro -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to this Volume -- Contents -- 1. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Major Lineages of Modern Elasmobranchs -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1.2 A Brief History of Elasmobranch Higher Systematics -- 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 1.2.1 Choice of Taxa -- 1.2.2 Choice of Genes -- 1.2.3 Laboratory Protocols -- 1.2.4 Analysis -- 1.2.4.1 Parsimony signal -- 1.2.4.2 Partition homogeneity tests -- 1.2.4.3 Saturation analysis -- 1.2.4.4 Base composition -- 1.2.4.5 Codon usage bias -- 1.2.4.6 Combined analysis -- 1.2.4.7 Likelihood approaches incorporating rate variation -- 1.3 RESULTS -- 1.3.1 Parsimony Analysis -- 1.3.2. Partition Homogeneity Tests -- 1.3.3. Saturation Analyses -- 1.3.4. Base Composition -- 1.3.5. Codon Usage -- 1.3.6. Combined Analyses -- 1.3.7. Likelihood Approaches -- 1.4 DISCUSSION -- 1.4.1 Signal Heterogeneity Across Different Levels of Representation of the Combined Mitochondrial and Nuclear Data Set -- 1.4.2 Alternative ways of "explaining" Anomalous Patterns in the Data -- 1.4.3 Contrasting the Molecular Phylogeny with Previous Hypotheses -- 1.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1.6 LITERATURE CITED -- 2. Population and Reproductive Genetics in Chondrichthyes -- 2.1 MOLECULAR MARKERS AND STOCK STRUCTURE IN FISHES -- 2.2 ALLOZYMES -- 2.3 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA -- 2.4 DNA MICROSATELLITES -- 2.5 FORENSICS AND IDENTIFICATION OF CRYPTIC SPECIES -- 2.6 PHILOPATRY AND SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL -- 2.7 GENETICS AND REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY IN CHONDRICHTHYES -- 2.8 LITERATURE CITED -- 3. Reproductive Evolution of Chondrichthyans -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.1.1 Chondrichthyan Reproduction -- 3.1.2 Oviparity -- 3.1.3 Yolk-sac Viviparity -- 3.1.4 Histotrophy -- 3.1.5 Oophagy -- 3.1.6 Placental Viviparity -- 3.1.7 The Plesiomorphic Reproductive State -- 3.2 PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS -- 3.2.1 Neoselachii -- 3.2.2 Cohort Batoidea. 3.2.3 Superorder Squalomorphii -- 3.2.4 Superoder Galeomorphii -- 3.3 MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PATTERNS -- 3.3.1 Oviducal Gland -- 3.3.2 Uterus -- 3.3.3 Claspers -- 3.3.4 Urea Retention -- 3.4 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS -- 3.4.1 Oviparity -- 3.4.2 Parsimony -- 3.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 3.6 REFERENCES -- APPENDIX 3.1 -- 4. Reproduction in Fisheries Science -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 TERMINOLOGY AND DESCRIPTION OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- 4.2.1 Female Reproductive System -- 4.2.2 Male Reproductive System -- 4.2.3 Maturity and Ovarian Cycle -- 4.2.4 Pregnancy, Maternity and Parturition Frequency -- 4.3 LIFE HISTORY OF GALEORHINUS GALEUS -- 4.4 SAMPLING GALEORHINUS GALEUS -- 4.4.1 Capture of Sharks -- 4.4.2 Biological Sampling -- 4.5 STATISTICAL METHODS -- 4.5.1 Determining Litter Size and Sex Ratio of Embryos -- 4.5.2 Determining Period of Gestation and Growth of Embryos -- 4.5.3 Determining Period of Ovarian Cycle -- 4.5.4 Determining Size-at-maturity and Size-at-maternity -- 4.5.5 Determining Total Body Mass at Size -- 4.6 APPLICATION OF METHODS TO GALEORHINUS GALEUS -- 4.6.1 Litter Size and Sex Ratio of Embryos -- 4.6.2 Period of Gestation and Growth of Embryos -- 4.6.3 Ovarian Cycle -- 4.6.4 Female Maturity Ogives -- 4.6.5 Female Maternity Ogives -- 4.6.6 Male Maturity Ogives -- 4.6.7 Total Body Mass at Size -- 4.7 CONCLUSIONS FOR GALEORHINUS GALEUS -- 4.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 4.9 LITERATURE CITED -- 5. Elasmobranch Courtship and Mating Behavior -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES AND BEHAVIOR -- 5.2.1 Indicators of Male Sexual Activity -- 5.2.1.1 Sperm and sperm delivery -- 5.2.1.2 Claspers -- 5.2.1.3 Sexual biting and holding -- 5.2.2 Indicators of Female Sexual Activity -- 5.2.2.1 Sperm and ova -- 5.2.2.2 Oviducts and fertilization -- 5.2.2.3 Vagina, cloaca and mating -- 5.2.3 Elasmobranch Mating Systems. 5.2.3.1 Electrosensory system -- 5.2.3.2 Neuroendocrine control of mating -- 5.2.3.3 Energetics of mating sharks -- 5.2.3.4 Polyandry, polygyny and mating systems -- 5.3 REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR -- 5.3.1 Mating in Captive Elasmobranchs -- 5.3.2 Mating in Wild Elasmobranchs -- 5.3.2.1 Sexual segregation -- 5.3.2.2 Wild Mating: Observations from above the sea's surface -- 5.3.2.3 Wild Mating: Observations from below the sea's surface -- 5.4 RECENT TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS IN STUDYING GINGLYMOSTOMA CIRRATUM MATING BEHAVIOR -- 5.4.1 Less-invasive Sampling and Tagging -- 5.4.1.1 Tagging - spear gun to hoop net -- 5.4.1.2 Results 1991 - 2003 tagging -- 5.4.2 Video recording and 'Crittercam' -- 5.4.3 Telemetry and Movements During Mating Season -- 5.5 THE AUTHORS' CURRENT RESEARCH INTO SHARK MATING BEHAVIOR -- 5.5.1 Male Helping Behaviors -- 5.5.2 Triaenodon obesus -- 5.6 THE EMERGING BEHAVIOR TEMPLATE -- 5.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 5.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 5.9 LITERATURE CITED -- APPENDIX 5.1 -- Behaviors of Females -- Behaviors of Males -- Behaviors of Males and Females -- 6. The Testis and Spermatogenesis -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- 6.3 THE MALE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL (HPG) AXIS -- 6.4 THE TESTIS -- 6.4.1 Gross Anatomy -- 6.4.2 Cell Types -- 6.4.2.1 Germ cells -- 6.4.2.2 Sertoli cells -- 6.4.2.3 Leydig cells -- 6.4.2.4 Other somatic cell types -- 6.5 SPERMATOCYSTS: THE PRIMARY GERMINAL UNITS -- 6.6 THE SPERMATOGENIC PROGRESSION -- 6.6.1 Spermatogonial Stage (Premeiotic) Spermatocysts -- 6.6.3 Spermatocyte Stage (Meiotic) Spermatocysts -- 6.6.4 Spermatid Stage (Postmeiotic) Spermatocysts -- 6.6.5 Degenerate Spermatocysts -- 6.7 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS WITHIN THE TESTIS -- 6.7.1 Compound (Rajid, e.g. Skate) -- 6.7.2 Radial (Lamniformes, e.g. Mako, White Sharks). 6.7.3 Linear (Squalomorphs, Galeomorph, Carcharhinid, e.g. Dogfish, Horn & -- Sandbar Sharks, Respectively) -- 6.8 STAGE-BY-STAGE ANALYSIS OF SPERMATOGENESIS -- 6.9 STEROIDOGENESIS -- 6.9.1 Steroidogenic Enzymes -- 6.9.2 Steroid Production -- 6.10 INTRATESTICULAR STEROID RECEPTORS -- 6.10.1 Estrogen Receptors -- 6.10.2 Androgen Receptors -- 6.10.3 Progesterone Receptors -- 6.10.4 Non-receptor Steroid Binding Protein -- 6.10.4 Intratesticular Vasculature -- 6.11 SEASONALITY -- 6.12 TOXICOLOGY -- 6.13 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 6.14 ACKNOWLEGMENTS -- 6.15 LITERATURE CITED -- 7. Chondrichthyan Spermatozoa and Phylogeny -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.1.1 General -- 7.1.2 Subclass Holocephali -- 7.1.3 Subclass Elasmobranchii -- 7.2 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHONDRICHTHYAN SPERM -- 7.2.1 Species Examined -- 7.2.2 Spermiogenesis -- 7.2.3 Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Spermatozoa -- 7.2.4 Seasonal Changes in Testicular Structure -- 7.3 SPERMATOCYSTS, SPERMATOZEUGMATA AND SPERMATOPHORES -- 7.4 MOTILITY -- 7.5 PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- 7.5.1 Phenetic, UPGMA Clustering -- 7.5.2 Spermatozoal Synapomorphies of Chondrichthyes (Holocephali and Elasmobranchii) -- 7.5.3 Distinctions between Holocephalan and Elasmobranch Sperm -- 7.5.4 Distinctive Characters of Elasmobranch Sperm -- 7.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 7.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 8. The Elasmobranch Ovary -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS -- 8.3 THE ADULT OVARY -- 8.3.1 Gross Ovarian Morphology and the Epigonal Organ -- 8.3.2 Folliculogenesis and the Follicular Epithelium -- 8.3.3 The Oocyte and Ovulation -- 8.3.4 Pre- and Post-ovulatory Follicles: Corpora Atretica and Corpora Lutea -- 8.4 CONTROL OF OVARIAN CYCLICITY -- 8.4.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Relationships -- 8.4.2 Ovarian Cycles -- 8.4.2.1 The skates and rays -- 8.4.2.2 The sharks: Oviparous species. 8.4.2.3 The sharks: Viviparous species -- 8.5 STEROID SYNTHESIS -- 8.5.1 Second Messengers and the Control of Ovarian Steroidogenesis -- 8.6 REGULATION OF VITELLOGENESIS -- 8.7 GENERAL EFFECTS OF STEROIDS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- 8.8 ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS -- 8.9 FISHERY MANAGEMENT: THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON REPRODUCTION -- 8.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 8.11 LITERATURE CITED -- 9. Endocrine Control of the Female Reproductive Tract -- 9.1 THE CHONDRICHTHYAN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT (FIG. 9.1) -- 9.2 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS -- 9.3 ADULT MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION -- 9.3.1 The Fimbria and Ostium -- 9.3.2 The Oviducal Gland (Fig. 9.2) -- 9.3.3 Isthmus -- 9.3.4 The Uterine Region -- 9.3.5 The Uterine Cervix -- 9.4 ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT 9.4-9.7 -- 9.4.1 The Oviducal Gland -- 9.4.2 The Isthmus -- 9.4.3 The Uterine Region -- 9.4.5 Functional Roles of Progesterone and Estradiol in Embryo-fetal Nutrition -- 9.4.4 The Cervix -- 9.5 SUMMARY (FIG. 9.7) -- 9.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 9.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 10. Oviducal Glands in Chondrichthyans -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 CLUB ZONE -- 10.3 PAPILLARY ZONE -- 10.4 BAFFLE ZONE -- 10.5 TERMINAL ZONE -- 10.6 DIVERSITY OF OVIDUCAL GLAND MORPHOLOGY AND TERTIARY EGG ENVELOPE -- 10.7 HOLOCEPHALON OVIDUCAL GLANDS -- 10.8 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EGG CASE OF SCYLIORHINUS CANICULA -- 10.8.1 Properties of the Egg Case of Scyliorhinus canicula -- 10.8.2 Extrusion of the Egg Case in Scyliorhinus canicula -- 10.8.3 What Holds the Ribbons and Lamellae of the Egg Case Together? -- 10.9 OVIDUCAL GLAND IN RAJA EGLANTERIA -- 10.10 HAIR FORMATION IN THE TERMINAL ZONE -- 10.11 SPERM STORAGE IN THE TERMINAL ZONE -- 10.12 CONCLUSIONS -- 10.13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 10.14 LITERATURE CITED -- 11. Alkaline Glands and Clasper Glands of Batoids -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 ALKALINE GLANDS -- 11.2.1 Background. 11.2.2 Morphology.
Internal fertilization is universal in chondrichthyan fishes and, as such, requires a suite of biological activities, including behavioral, morphological, and physiological mechanisms, to ensure successful copulation and fertilization. This volume correlates available data and ideas concerning the development, reproductive morphology, function, and phylogeny of chondrichthyan fishes. Coverage includes oogenesis, spermatogenesis, gestation, regulation of reproductive tract function, sperm storage, nutrient provision, placentation, and phylogeny. It also reviews and considers the idea that yolk sac viviparity is the plesiomorphic state rather than oviparity.