Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with el Nino and the Southern Oscillation : Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (187 pages)
Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- EL NINO AND THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) -- CONCEPT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- 2. GROWTH OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- ENSO: A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE PHENOMENON -- EMERGENCE OF A COHERENT EFFORT (1970-1984) -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- SCIENTIFIC PLAN FOR TOGA (1985) -- 3. COMPONENTS OF THE U.S. TOGA PROGRAM -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO -- TOGA Observing System -- Volunteer Observing Ships -- Surface Drifters -- Tide-Gauge Network -- TAO Array -- Satellite Observations -- Observing the Atmosphere and Ocean for TOGA -- Sea Surface Temperature -- Surface Wind and Stress -- Subsurface Temperature. -- Sea Level -- Heat and Moisture Fluxes -- Upper-Air Observations -- Other Quantities -- PROCESS STUDIES -- Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -- Central Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) -- Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) / Equatorial Monsoon Experiment (EMEX) -- Line Islands Array (LIA) -- Tropic Heat -- Tropic Heat II -- Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE). -- North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) Study -- Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) -- Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment (WESTRAX) -- Equatorial Pacific Experiment (EqPac) -- MODELING ENSO -- Ocean Models -- Atmospheric Models -- Coupled Models -- PREDICTION -- TOGA PRODUCTS -- Reanalysis -- TOGA CD-ROM Project -- PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS -- 4. WHAT WE'VE LEARNED -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC -- Climatologies -- Evolution of Warm and Cold Events -- The Warming During 1990-1994 -- EFFECTS OF ENSO ON THE REST OF THE GLOBE -- Tropics -- Middle Latitudes -- ENSO and the Asian-Australian Monsoon -- Carbon Dioxide and ENSO. THEORIES OF ENSO -- The Mechanism of ENSO -- Irregularity of ENSO -- Annual Cycle and ENSO -- Optimal Growth of Disturbances and ENSO Predictability -- WORKING IN A LARGER COMMUNITY -- 5. ORGANIZATION -- U.S. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- NRC's TOGA Panel -- Interagency Coordination of Resources -- TOGA Project Office -- Science Working Groups -- Coordination with International TOGA -- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- TOGA as an Integral Part of the WCRP -- Scientific Steering Group (SSG) -- International Project Office -- Intergovernmental TOGA Board -- 6. APPLICATIONS OF ENSO PREDICTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- APPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL ENSO FORECASTS -- Peru -- Northeast Brazil -- Australia -- Asia -- Other Foreign Regions -- United States -- 7. THE FUTURE -- WHAT TOGA DIDN'T DO -- OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS -- Compartmentalization -- Building and Maintaining the Infrastructure -- AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION (IRICP) -- GOALS AND CLIVAR -- REFERENCES -- APPENDICES -- A. MEMBERS OF THE TOGA PANEL -- B. TOGA PRODUCTS -- C. ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.