Greenhouse Nitrogen Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operation : Phase I.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (170 pages)
- WERF Research Report Series .
- WERF Research Report Series .
Cover -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Abstract and Benefits -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Acronyms -- Executive Smrnnary -- Chapter 1.0: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Organization of Report -- Chapter 2.0: State of Knowledge of Nitrogen Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations -- 2.1 Overview of N2O Emissions Studies -- 2.2 Mechanisms of Autotrophic N2O and NO Emissions -- 2.3 N2O Emissions from Denitrification -- Chapter 3.0: Methods, Procedures, and Protocols for Determination of N2O Emission Fluxes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sampling Design for Full-Scale Emissions Monitoring -- 3.3 Sampling Procedures - Headspace Gas Measurement -- 3.4 Sampling Procedures - Aqueous N2O Concentration Determination -- 3.5 Sampling Procedures - Measurement of Advective Flow Rates from Bioreactors -- 3.6 Determination of Advective Flow Rates via Flux Chambers from Non-Aerated Zones -- 3.7 Pre-Visit Information Collection and Analysis -- 3.8 Sampling Procedures - Wastewater and Process Characterization -- 3.9 Principles of Real-Time N2O, NO, and NO2 Measurements -- 3.9.1 Principles of N2O Measurement -- 3.9.2 Principles of NO and NO2 Measurement -- 3.10 Data Analysis and Processing -- 3.10.1 Determination of Fluxes -- 3.10.2 Determination of Aggregated Emission Fractions -- 3.10.3 Calculation of N2O Emissions -- 3.10.4 Correlation between WWTP Operating Conditions and N2O Emissions -- 3.11 Comparison of Protocol with Established Emissions Flux Measurement Methods -- Chapter 4.0: Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Full-Scale Activated Sludge Processes -- 4.1 Summary of Processes Sampled -- 4.2 N2O Emissions from Full-Scale Processes -- 4.3 Model-Based Discrimination of Process Operating Conditions Contributing to N2O Emissions -- 4.3.1 Aerobic Zones -- 4.3.2 Anoxic Zones. 4.4 Spatial and Temporal Variability in N2O Generation and Emission from Selected Full-Scale BNR and Non-BNR Processes -- 4.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Trends in N2O Emission Fluxes from Full-Scale WWTPs -- 4.4.2 Four-Pass Step-Feed BNR Process -- 4.4.3 Four-Stage Bardenpho Process -- 4.4.4 Low-Rate Separate Stage Nitrification-Denitrification Process -- 4.4.5 Plug-Flow Processes -- 4.4.6 Four-Pass Step-Feed (non-BNR) Process (Covered Aeration Tanks) -- 4.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Chapter 5.0: Emissions Data Reporting and Sensitivities -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sensitivities -- 5.2.1 Inherent Spatial and Temporal (Diurnal) Variability -- 5.2.2 Sampling Density -- 5.2.3 Plant Performance -- 5.2.4 Seasonal Variations in Emissions -- 5.2.5 Process Configuration -- 5.2.6 Influence of Study Design and Measurement -- 5.3 Emission Factors -- 5.3.1 Limitation of Emission Factors -- 5.3.2 Determination of Emission from Dynamic Biological Processes -- Chapter 6.0: Conclusions, Recommendations, and Continuing Studies -- 6.1 N2O Emissions from Domestic Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2 Estimation of N2O Emissions -- 6.3 N2O Emissions from Different Activated Sludge Configurations -- 6.4 Implications of Variability in N2O Emissions on GHG Inventory Calculations -- 6.5 Mechanisms of N2O Emissions by Nitrification and Denitrification -- 6.6 Sustainable BNR Design and Operations -- 6.7 Continuing Studies, Additional Studies, and Future Perspectives -- Appendix A: Lab-Scale Results -- Appendix B: Field Protocol with Qnalily Assurance Plan -- Appendix C: Process Schematics Depiction of WWTPs Sampled -- Appendix D: Data Files from Full-Scale Measurement Campaigns (Available to Download from the WERF Website) -- References.