Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism.
- 9th ed.
- 1 online resource (1136 pages)
Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION OF THE PRIMER -- ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE -- SECTION I MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR DETERMINANTS OF BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- CHAPTER 1 EARLY SKELETAL MORPHOGENESIS IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- EARLY SKELETAL PATTERNING -- EMBRYONIC CARTILAGE AND BONE FORMATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION -- INTRODUCTION -- CHONDROGENESIS AND CHONDROCYTE HYPERTROPHY DURING ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION -- MOLECULAR MEDIATORS OF CARTILAGE DEVELOPMENT -- OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND BONE FORMATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 LOCAL AND CIRCULATING OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS AND LINEAGES -- INTRODUCTION -- IN SEARCH OF THE SKELETAL STEM CELL -- OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS IN BONE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, AND HOMEOSTASIS -- PERIVASCULAR PROGENITORS WITH OSTEOGENIC POTENTIAL IN THE BM MICROENVIRONMENT -- OSTEOPROGENITOR RECRUITMENT IN FRACTURE HEALING -- CIRCULATING OSTEOGENIC PRECURSOR CELLS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 OSTEOBLASTS: FUNCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND REGULATION -- CELL BIOLOGY OF OSTEOBLASTS -- OSTEOBLAST FUNCTION -- DEVELOPMENT -- REGULATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 OSTEOCYTES -- INTRODUCTION -- OSTEOCYTE ONTOGENY -- OSTEOCYTES AS ORCHESTRATORS OF BONE (RE)MODELING -- OSTEOCYTE CELL DEATH AND APOPTOSIS -- OSTEOCYTE MODIFICATION OF THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT -- MECHANOSENSATION AND TRANSDUCTION -- ROLE OF GAP JUNCTIONS AND HEMICHANNELS IN OSTEOCYTE COMMUNICATION -- THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF OSTEOCYTES IN BONE DISEASE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6 OSTEOCLAST BIOLOGY AND BONE RESORPTION -- CELL BIOLOGY OF THE OSTEOCLAST -- SIGNALS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST FUNCTION -- SIGNALS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION. FACTORS REGULATING OSTEOCLAST FORMATION AND/OR FUNCTION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CASCADES CONTROLLING OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION -- INTRODUCTION -- RUNX2 AND OSTERIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- BMP SIGNALING -- TGF‐β SIGNALING -- WNT SIGNALING -- HEDGEHOG SIGNALING -- NOTCH SIGNALING -- OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 THE TGF‐Β SUPERFAMILY IN BONE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE -- INTRODUCTION -- BASICS OF TGF‐β AND BMP SIGNALING -- TGF‐β AND BONE DEVELOPMENT -- TGF AND BONE MAINTENANCE -- BMPS AND BONE DEVELOPMENT -- BMPs AND BONE MAINTENANCE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WNT SIGNALING IN SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE -- INTRODUCTION -- WNT/β‐CATENIN SIGNALING CORE PATHWAY -- REGULATION OF WNT PRODUCTION AND SECRETION -- WNT GENE MUTATIONS AND SKELETAL DISEASE -- REGULATION OF FRIZZLED RECEPTOR STABILITY AT THE CELL SURFACE -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION IN BONE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE -- INTRODUCTION -- OSTEOGENIC MECHANICAL STIMULI -- MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MECHANOTRANSDUCTION IN BONE -- BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES TO MECHANICAL STIMULI -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 THE COMPOSITION OF BONE -- INTRODUCTION -- BONE AS A COMPOSITE -- OTHER COMPONENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12 ASSESSMENT OF BONE MASS, STRUCTURE, AND QUALITY IN RODENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- DUAL‐ENERGY X‐RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY -- MICRO‐COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- COMPRESSION TESTS OF VERTEBRAL BODIES -- BENDING TESTS OF LONG BONES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 SKELETAL HEALING: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS -- INTRODUCTION -- PROCESS OF SKELETAL HEALING -- CONDITIONS THAT IMPAIR FRACTURE HEALING AND THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES. MOLECULAR THERAPIES TO ENHANCE BONE HEALING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 BIOMECHANICS OF FRACTURE HEALING -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOMECHANICAL ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE HEALING -- BIOMECHANICAL STAGES OF FRACTURE HEALING -- NONINVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE HEALING -- MECHANOBIOLOGY OF FRACTURE HEALING -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- SECTION II SKELETAL PHYSIOLOGY -- CHAPTER 15 HUMAN FETAL AND NEONATAL BONE DEVELOPMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSIOLOGY OF FETAL AND NEONATAL BONE DEVELOPMENT -- EXTRINSIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT FETAL/NEONATAL BONE DEVELOPMENT -- INHERITED FETAL/NEONATAL BONE DISORDERS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 SKELETAL GROWTH: A MAJOR DETERMINANT OF BONE'S STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY IN WOMEN AND MEN -- VARIANCES IN BONE TRAIT ARE ESTABLISHED EARLY IN LIFE -- BONE SIZE, SHAPE, AND MICROARCHITECTURE -- PUBERTY AND THE APPEARANCE OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN BONE MORPHOLOGY -- GROWTH OF METAPHYSES AND FRACTURES IN CHILDHOOD -- EFFECT OF ILLNESSES ON BONE MORPHOLOGY IS MATURATIONAL STAGE‐SPECIFIC -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ACQUISITION AND AGE‐RELATED LOSS OF BONE STRENGTH -- INTRODUCTION -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN FRACTURE RATES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN FRACTURE RATES IN ADULTHOOD -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BONE MASS AND GEOMETRY IN CHILDREN -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BONE MASS AND GEOMETRY IN ADULTHOOD -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BONE LOSS AND REMODELING IMBALANCE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18 CALCIUM, VITAMIN D, AND OTHER NUTRIENTS DURING GROWTH -- INTRODUCTION -- CALCIUM -- VITAMIN D -- FRUIT AND VEGETABLES -- DIET IN PREGNANCY -- BREASTFEEDING -- SALT -- SOFT DRINKS AND MILK AVOIDANCE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19 MECHANICAL LOADING AND THE DEVELOPING SKELETON -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS THE WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY?. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE LOADING PRESCRIPTION -- PEAK BONE MASS OR PEAK BONE STRENGTH? -- PERSISTENCE OF CHILDHOOD BONE ADAPTATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20 PREGNANCY AND LACTATION -- INTRODUCTION -- PREGNANCY -- LACTATION -- ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND LACTATION -- IMPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21 MENOPAUSE AND AGE‐RELATED BONE LOSS -- INTRODUCTION-BONE MODELING AND REMODELING -- SURFACE AREA/BONE MATRIX VOLUME CONFIGURATION -- AGE‐RELATED BONE LOSS -- MENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- SECTION III MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS -- CHAPTER 22 REGULATION OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION -- CALCIUM BALANCE -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 23 MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- INTRODUCTION -- HYPOMAGNESEMIA -- HYPERMAGNESEMIA -- MAGNESIUM ABSORPTION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 24 FETAL CALCIUM METABOLISM -- INTRODUCTION -- MINERAL IONS AND CALCIOTROPIC HORMONES -- FETAL PARATHYROIDS -- CALCIUM SENSING RECEPTOR (CaSR) -- FETAL KIDNEYS AND AMNIOTIC FLUID -- PLACENTAL MINERAL ION TRANSPORT -- FETAL SKELETON -- FETAL RESPONSE TO MATERNAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM -- FETAL RESPONSE TO MATERNAL HYPOPARATHYROIDISM -- FETAL RESPONSE TO MATERNAL VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY -- INTEGRATED FETAL CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25 FGF23 AND THE REGULATION OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM -- INTRODUCTION -- PHOSPHATE METABOLISM -- THE FGF23 GENE AND PROTEIN -- FGF23 ACTIVITY -- REGULATION OF FGF23 IN VIVO -- FGF23 RECEPTORS -- SERUM ASSAYS -- FGF23-ASSOCIATED SYNDROMES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26 GONADAL STEROIDS -- INTRODUCTION -- HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS -- MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION -- CELLULAR TARGETS -- PUTATIVE GENE TARGETS -- EFFECTS ON SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH -- EFFECTS ON SKELETAL MAINTENANCE -- SEX STEROID DEFICIENCY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. CONTRIBUTION OF SEX STEROID DEFICIENCY TO THE AGE‐DEPENDENT SKELETAL INVOLUTION -- ROLE IN THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 27 PARATHYROID HORMONE -- INTRODUCTION -- PTH AND PTH‐RELATED PEPTIDE (PTHrP) -- PTH SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION -- REGULATION OF PTH SECRETION -- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PTH -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 28 PARATHYROID HORMONE‐RELATED PROTEIN -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PTHrP GENE -- PTHrP IS A POLYHORMONE -- PTHRP RECEPTORS -- NUCLEAR PTHrP -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PTHRP -- PTHrP IN DISEASE -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 29 CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CaSR -- ROLES OF THE CaSR IN TISSUES MAINTAINING Ca2+O HOMEOSTASIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30 VITAMIN D: PRODUCTION, METABOLISM, ACTION, AND CLINICAL REQUIREMENTS -- VITAMIN D3 PRODUCTION -- VITAMIN D METABOLISM -- TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN D IN THE BLOOD -- INTERNALIZATION OF VITAMIN D METABOLITES -- MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION -- REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM -- CLASSICAL TARGET TISSUES -- NONCLASSICAL TARGET TISSUES -- NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- VITAMIN D TREATMENT STRATEGIES -- REFERENCES -- SECTION IV INVESTIGATION OF METABOLIC BONE DISEASES -- CHAPTER 31 TECHNIQUES OF BONE MASS MEASUREMENT IN CHILDREN WITH RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS -- INTRODUCTION -- DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY -- REPORTING aBMD BY DXA -- DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF DXA -- VERTEBRAL FRACTURE ASSESSMENT -- OTHER TECHNIQUES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 32 STANDARD TECHNIQUES OF BONE MASS MEASUREMENT IN ADULTS -- INTRODUCTION -- DXA TECHNOLOGY -- QUALITY STANDARDS -- MEASUREMENT OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE RISK -- VERTEBRAL FRACTURE ASSESSMENT -- HIP GEOMETRY -- BODY COMPOSITION -- QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND -- SUMMARY -- DISCLOSURES -- REFERENCES. CHAPTER 33 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF BONE MASS MEASUREMENTS AND STRENGTH IN ADULTS.