The Human Auditory System : Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (723 pages)
- Issn Series ; v.Volume 129 .
- Issn Series .
Front Cover -- The Human Auditory System: Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders -- Copyright -- Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Section 1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Auditory System -- Chapter 1: Auditory Pathways: Anatomy and Physiology -- Introduction and Overview -- The Outer and Middle ears -- The Absolute Threshold and Relation to outer- and middle-ear Transmission -- The Cochlea -- Overall Anatomy -- Anatomy in Relation to Function -- The Output of the Cochlea -- The Auditory Central Nervous System: Introduction to Central Processing -- The Ventral Auditory Stream Of the Brainstem -- Sound Localization By Comparing Responses At the Two ears -- The Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus -- The Medial Superior olive -- The Lateral Superior olive -- Outputs of the Ventral Auditory Stream of the Brainstem -- The Dorsal Auditory Stream of the Brainstem: Complex Stimulus Analysis -- The Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus -- The Posteroventral Cochlear Nucleus -- The Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus -- The Inferior Colliculus -- The Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus -- The External Nucleus and Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus -- The Medial Geniculate body -- Overall Anatomy and Inputs -- The Ventral Nucleus -- Anatomy and Frequency Organization -- Responses To sound -- The Medial and Dorsal Nuclei of the MGB -- The Auditory Cortex -- Anatomic Introduction to the Auditory Cortex -- Tonotopic Organization -- Organization Along frequency-band Strips -- Responses of Single Neurons: Responses In the core -- Responses of Single Neurons: Responses In the belt -- Cortical Processing of Sound Location -- Cortical Processing in Relation to Stimulus Complexity -- The Centrifugal System -- References -- Chapter 2: Anatomic Organization of the Auditory Cortex. What is Auditory Cortex? -- Principles of Auditory Cortical Organization -- Principle 1: Auditory Cortex Can Be Divided Into Regions -- Principle 2: Regions of Auditory Cortex Are subdivided Into areas -- Principle 3: Individual Areas of Auditory Cortex are Tonotopically Organized -- Principle 4: Thalamic Inputs to Auditory Cortex Vary By Region And layer -- MGv -- MGd -- MGm -- Principle 5: The Connections of Auditory Cortex have Serial and Parallel Features -- Serial Connections and Hierarchic Relationships -- Core-belt-parabelt axis -- Caudal-rostral axis -- Parallel Connections -- Principle 6: The auditory-related Connections of Auditory Cortex are Topographically Organized -- Superior Temporal Cortex -- Prefrontal and Cingulate Cortex -- Posterior Parietal Cortex -- Occipital Cortex -- Anterior Parietal Cortex -- Striatum -- Amygdala -- Functional Considerations -- Correspondence of Human and non-human Primate Auditory Cortex -- Where is Auditory Cortex in the Human brain? -- Regions And areas -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Development of the Auditory System -- Introduction -- Development of The ear -- Behavioral Testing and Psychoacoustics -- Coding of Auditory Features -- Detection Of sound -- Frequency and Intensity Discrimination -- Loudness -- Masking and Auditory Segregation -- Background on Grouping and Segregation -- Energetic Masking -- Auditory Streaming -- Co-modulation Masking Release -- Informational Masking -- Backward Masking and Auditory Maturation -- Spatial and Binaural Hearing -- Binaural cues -- Measuring Localization -- Developmental Findings on Localization -- Binaural Unmasking -- The Precedence Effect -- Relationship Between Age of Development and Desirable Age of Intervention in Deaf Children -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References. Chapter 4: Representation of Loudness in the Auditory Cortex -- Introduction -- Psychophysics -- Animal Physiology -- Human Cortical Studies -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Temporal Coding in the Auditory Cortex -- Overview -- Timescales in Auditory Perception -- The Temporal Structure of Speech Sounds -- Encoding of Spectrotemporal Features in the Auditory Cortex -- Sensitivity to Temporal Modulations In the primary Auditory Cortex -- Sensitivity to Spectrotemporal Modulations -- Cortical Processing of Continuous Sound Streams -- The Discretization Problem -- Analysis At Multiple Timescales -- Neural Oscillations as Endogenous Temporal Constraints -- Alignment of Neuronal Excitability With Speech Timescales -- Parallel Processing At Multiple Timescales -- Parallel Processing in Bilateral Auditory Cortices -- Dysfunctional Oscillatory Sampling -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Sound Localization -- Introduction -- Some Terms and Techniques -- Horizontal Localization -- Duplex Theory -- Interaural time-difference cues -- Interaural level-difference cues -- Monaural Conditions -- Vertical and Front/back Localization -- Distance Localization -- Motion Perception -- Localization in Reverberant Spaces: the Precedence Effect -- Central Representation of sound-source Locations -- Spatial Topography in the Superior Colliculus -- Distributed Spatial Representation in the Auditory Cortex -- Cortical Areas Specialized for Sound Localization -- Beyond Localization -- References -- Chapter 7: New Perspectives on the Auditory Cortex: Learning and Memory -- Introduction -- Basic Considerations and Early Findings -- Introduction -- Background Findings -- Contemporary Approaches: Representational Plasticity -- A Synthesis of Two Disciplines -- Representational Plasticity Reveals Specificity of Auditory Cortical Dynamics. Representational Plasticity Across Species -- Isn't All Auditory Learning Actually perceptual Learning? -- Does the Primary Auditory Cortex Hold Specific Memory Traces? -- Forms of Representational Plasticity -- Basic Considerations of Specific Memory Traces -- Cardinal Characteristics of Representational Plasticity -- Generality Across Types of Acoustic Stimulus Parameters -- Generality Across Motivational States and Tasks -- Multiple Rule Tasks and the Role of Learning Strategy -- Reversal and Loss of Representational Gain in A1 -- Individual Vs Group Analysis -- Three Classes of Auditory Tasks and Representational Plasticity -- Functions of Representational Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex -- Encoding the Behavioral Importance Of a sound -- Reinforcement Prediction -- Substrate of Memory Strength -- Arguments to the Contrary -- Is Representational Plasticity Caused By Fear Or Increased Arousal? -- Are Tuning Shifts Spontaneous, Not Induced By Learning? -- ``But, Cortical Lesions Dont Prevent Memory´´ -- Mechanisms of Representational Plasticity and Specific Auditory Memory -- Neuromodulators in Representational Plasticity -- Acetylcholine -- Ach and Representational Plasticity -- Ach and the Implantation of Specific Associative Behavioral Memory -- Neural Synchrony and gamma-band Oscillations -- Circuit and Synaptic Processes -- Implications for Treatment of Auditory and Related Disorders -- Memory Strength and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Gamma-band Oscillations in Assessment And treatment -- Cholinergic Implantation of Specific Memory -- Individualized Analyses of Neural Plasticity, Learning, and Memory -- Conclusions and General Implications -- Primary Auditory Cortex, Learning, and Plasticity -- Beyond Perception: the Acquisition of Meaning To sound -- Reconceptualizing the Primary Auditory Cortex. Toward a New Model of the Cerebral Cortex -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Neural Basis of Speech Perception -- Introduction -- The dual-route Model of Speech Processing -- Ventral Stream: Mapping From Sound To meaning -- Bilateral Organization and Parallel Computation -- Computational Asymmetries -- Phonologic Processing and the Superior Temporal Sulcus -- Exical -Semantic Access -- Dorsal Stream: Mapping From Sound To action -- The Need for Auditory-motor Integration -- Clinical Correlates of the dual-stream model -- Sex Differences in Language Organization -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Role of the Auditory System in Speech Production -- Introduction -- The Planning of Speech Movements -- Brain Regions Involved in Speech Articulation -- Neurocomputational Models Of speech Production -- The Directions Into Velocities Of Articulators model -- Auditory Feedback Control -- Somatosensory Feedback Control -- Feedforward Control -- The GODIVA Model of Speech Sound Sequencing -- The Hierarchical State Feedback Control model -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: White-matter Pathways for Speech and Language Processing -- Introduction -- The language-relevant Brain Regions -- Left Frontal Cortex -- Left Temporal Cortex -- Left Parietal Cortex -- The Language Pathways -- Dorsal Pathway -- Ventral Pathway -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Neural Basis of Music Perception -- Introduction -- Music and the Auditory scene -- Summarizing the Literature -- A meta-analysis of the Neuroimaging Literature -- Musical Properties of Isolated Auditory Objects -- Pitch Chroma -- Timbre -- Complex Musical Objects and Their Combination -- Interval, Contour, and Melody -- Familiar Melodies -- Melody and Song -- Harmony And key -- Harmonic Sequences -- Rhythm And meter. Musical Expertise and Plasticity in the Auditory Cortex.