TY  - BOOK
AU  - Cheremisinoff,Nicholas P.
AU  - Davletshin,Anton
TI  - Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Handbook of Environmental Management Practices
SN  - 9781119100003
AV  - TD195.G3.C447 2015eb 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Newark
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
KW  - Hydraulic fracturing -- Environmental aspects
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author and Editor Biographies -- 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview -- 1.1 Technology Overview -- 1.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety -- 1.2.1 Key Drivers -- 1.2.2 Environmental Deterrents -- 1.2.3 Hurdles and Public Safety -- 1.3 U.S. Resources and Standing -- 1.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity -- 1.5 The Role of Water -- 1.5.1 Water Acquisition -- 1.5.2 Chemical Mixing -- 1.5.3 Well Injection -- 2 Oil and Gas Regulations -- 2.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations -- 2.1.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- 2.1.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) -- 2.1.3 Oil Pollution Prevention (Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Regulations) -- 2.1.4 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) -- 2.1.5 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) -- 2.1.6 Clean Air Act (CAA) -- 2.1.7 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) -- 2.1.8 Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) -- 2.1.9 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -- 2.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas -- 2.3 RCRA Exemptions -- 2.4 Permitting Rules -- 2.4.1 California Rules -- 2.4.1.1 Restrictions -- 2.4.1.2 Conditions -- 3 Management of Chemicals -- 3.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry -- 3.2 Chemicals Used -- 3.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires -- 3.4 Storage Tanks -- 3.5 Risk Management -- 3.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan -- 3.6.1 Roles and Responsibilities -- 3.6.2 Standard Procedures for Any Spill -- 3.6.3 Training -- 4 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits -- 4.3 Wastewater Characterization -- 4.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives; 4.5 Water Treatment Technologies -- 4.5.1 Separators -- 4.5.1.1 API Separators -- 4.5.2 Other Types of Separators -- 4.5.3 Dissolved Gas Flotation -- 4.5.4 Activated Carbon -- 4.5.5 Nut Shell Filters -- 4.5.6 Organi-Clay Adsorbants -- 4.5.7 Chemical Oxidation -- 4.5.7.1 Chemistry -- 4.5.8 UV Disinfection -- 4.5.9 Biological Processes -- 4.5.10 Membrane Filtration -- 4.5.11 RO and Nanofiltration -- 4.5.12 Air Stripping -- 4.5.13 Chemical Precipitation -- 4.5.14 Thickeners -- 4.5.15 Settling Ponds/Sedimentation -- 4.5.16 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) -- 4.5.17 Ion Exchange -- 4.5.18 Crystallization -- 4.5.19 Advanced Integrated Systems -- 4.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes -- 4.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives -- 5 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector -- 5.3 Overview of Water Management Practices -- 5.3.1 Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water -- 5.3.2 Characteristics of Produced Water -- 5.3.3 Water and Mass Balances -- 5.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies -- 5.4.1 Influent Conditions -- 5.4.2 Technology Evaluation -- 5.4.3 Treatment End Points -- 5.4.4 Regulatory Compliance -- 5.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment -- 5.5.1 Saltwater Disposal Well Solutions -- 5.5.2 Ponding and Land Disposal -- 5.5.3 Treatment for Recycle/Reuse -- 5.6 Project Management -- 5.6.1 Planning and Implementing a New System -- 5.6.1.1 Phase I: Engineering Feasibility Study -- 5.6.1.2 Phase II: Engineering Design -- 5.6.1.3 Phase III: Procurement, Fabrication, Construction, and Start-up -- 5.6.2 Battery Limits and Interfaces -- 5.6.3 Mobile, Transportable, and Fixed Base Treatment Systems -- 5.6.4 Contract and Pricing -- 5.6.5 Morphing Site Conditions -- 5.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment -- 5.7.1 Traditional Engineering Cost Estimating; 5.7.2 Accounting for Contingencies and Risk -- 5.7.3 Current Pricing for Water Management Services -- 5.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project -- 5.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector -- 5.9.1 Overcoming an Image -- 5.9.2 Morphing into a Recycle/Reuse Mode -- 5.9.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Well Construction and Integrity -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction -- 6.3 Integrity Failure -- 6.3.1 Blow-Out Preventers -- 6.4 Abandonment and Closure -- 6.5 Best Practices for Site Operations -- References -- 7 Managing Air Pollution Discharges -- 7.1 The Problem -- 7.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control -- 7.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring -- 7.4 Leak Detection and Repair -- 7.4.1 Method 21 General Procedure -- 7.4.2 Auditing Practices -- 7.5 Use of Flares -- 7.5.1 Overview and Changing Practices -- 7.5.2 Terminology -- 7.5.3 Combustion Principles -- 7.5.4 Ignition -- 7.5.5 Flammability and Flammable Mixtures -- 7.5.6 Gas Mixtures -- 7.5.7 Practical Applications -- 7.5.8 MARAMA Guidelines for Calculating Flare Emissions -- 7.5.8.1 Vent Gas Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.8.2 Natural Gas Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.9 Propane and Butane Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.10 TCEQ New Source Review (NSR) Emission Calculations -- 7.5.11 AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors -- 7.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges -- 7.6.1 Particle Attributes and Potential Health Effects -- 7.6.2 Estimating Dust Discharges -- 7.6.3 Managing Dust Emissions -- 7.6.4 Dust Monitoring -- 7.7 Compressor Stations -- 7.8 Dehydrators -- 7.8.1 Recommended References -- 8 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources -- 8.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality; 8.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 8.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity -- Index -- EULA
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