Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (284 pages)
- Benjamins Translation Library ; v.113 .
- Benjamins Translation Library .
Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Preface -- 1. Language, translation and empire -- 1.1 Of empires, national rivalries and languages -- 1.1.1 The Black Legend -- 1.1.2 The Spanish struggle for justice -- 1.2 The benevolent conquest: Different and yet similar -- 1.2.1 Untranslated images of colonial violence -- 1.3 The narrative of the Indian as a good savage -- 1.4 The narrative of the Indians as a unified group -- 1.5 The role of religion in the conquest: Different and yet similar -- 1.5.1 Religious fanaticism: Similar and yet different -- 1.6 Conquest and language -- 1.7 The survival of anti-Spanish propaganda -- 2. Conquerors and translators -- 2.1 The first Europeans and the first interpreters -- 2.1.1 Translation as violence -- 2.1.2 Translation and resistance -- 2.1.3 The many names of the linguistic intermediary -- 2.2 The Requerimiento -- 2.3 Conquerors and interpreters in Mesoamerica -- 2.3.1 Doña Marina/Malinche and the conquest of Mexico -- 2.3.2 Interpreting the meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma -- 2.4 Pizarro and the conquest of Peru -- 2.4.1 The encounter between Atahualpa and the Spanish -- 2.4.2 Felipillo's reputation as an interpreter -- 2.5 The salary of the interpreters -- 2.5.1 In Mesoamerica -- 2.5.2 In the Andes -- 3. Translation and the administration of the colonies -- 3.1 The teaching of Spanish and of the lenguas generales -- 3.1.1 Alphabetic writing -- 3.1.2 The teaching and learning of the lenguas generales -- 3.1.3 The universities -- 3.2 Translation in the early colonial period -- 3.3 The status of the interpreters: Legal, economic and ethical issues -- 3.4 Translators in the judicial system -- 3.5 The use of native languages in official documents -- 3.6 The relaciones. 3.6.1 The role of interpreter Gaspar Antonio Chi in Mesoamerica -- 3.6.2 The visitas of the Andes -- 3.7 The use of translation during Francisco de Toledo's rule as viceroy of Peru -- 3.7.1 Francisco de Toledo's visitas -- 3.7.2 Translation as violence -- 3.8 Translating the khipus -- 3.9 Linguistic mediation: From accommodation to resistance -- 4. Evangelizing the natives -- 4.1 The arrival of European conquerors: Gold as God -- 4.2 The Inter Caetera bulls and the beginning of evangelization -- 4.3 Language and evangelization: The challenges of translation -- 4.4 The myth of the Spaniards as gods as a translation problem -- 4.5 The challenges of translation and communication -- 4.5.1 Memorization and other local practices as conversion techniques -- 4.6 The translation policies of the Catholic Church in the metropolis and beyond -- 4.6.1 Opposition to translation -- 4.7 Translation and evangelization in Mesoamerica -- 4.7.1 The teaching of Spanish -- 4.7.2 The learning of local languages -- 4.7.3 The impact of the regional councils upon language and translation policies -- 4.7.4 The impact of translation upon the normativization of Nahuatl -- 4.8 Translation and evangelization in the Andean region -- 4.8.1 The Lima councils -- 4.8.2 The standarization of native languages -- 4.8.3 Domingo de Santo Tomás -- 4.8.4 Printing -- 4.9 Translation, confession and fornication -- 4.10 The extirpation of idolatry campaigns or visitas -- 4.10.1 Extirpation of idolatries in the Andes -- 4.10.1.1 Visitador Cristobal de Albornoz and interpreter Guaman Poma -- 4.10.1.2 Visitador Francisco de Ávila and interpreter Santacruz Pachacuti -- 4.11 The Marian cult as an example of hybridism -- 4.11.1 The Virgin of Guadalupe -- 4.11.2 The Marian cult in the Andes -- 4.12 Translation as resistance -- 5. The chroniclers and the interpreters translated. 5.1 The chronicles -- 5.1.1 The chroniclers and their readership -- 5.2 The chroniclers of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean -- 5.2.1 Christopher Columbus -- 5.2.2 Bartolomé de las Casas -- 5.2.3 Hernán Cortés -- 5.2.4 Bernardino de Sahagún -- 5.2.5 Bernal Díaz del Castillo -- 5.2.6 Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo -- 5.2.7 Francisco López de Gómara -- 5.2.8 Cabeza de Vaca -- 5.3 The chronicles of the Andean region -- 5.3.1 Pedro Pizarro -- 5.3.2 Pedro Cieza de León's Crónica del Perú -- 5.3.2.1 The Stevens translation -- 5.3.2.2 The Markham translation -- 5.3.2.3 Twentieth-century translations -- 5.3.3 Juan de Betanzos -- 5.3.4 José de Acosta -- 5.4 Other texts -- 5.4.1 Peter Martyr -- 5.4.2 Ramón Pané -- 5.4.3 Francisco de Jerez -- 5.4.4 Agustín de Zárate -- 5.4.5 Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa -- 5.4.6 Diego Durán -- 5.4.7 Toribio de Motolinía -- 5.5 The chronicles, translation and European expansion -- 5.5.1 The translation of science -- 6. Native chroniclers and translation -- 6.1 Mesoamerica -- 6.1.1 Domingo Chimalpáhin -- 6.1.2 Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl -- 6.1.3 Diego Muñoz Camargo -- 6.1.4 The List of Rulers of Tlatelolco texts -- 6.2 The Andean region -- 6.2.1 Titu Cusi Yupanqui -- 6.2.2 Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala -- 6.2.3 Inca Garcilaso de la Vega -- 6.2.4 The khipus and the stories of the natives translated -- 6.3 Native translations of Spanish literature -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.
Two are the starting points of this book. On the one hand, the use of Doña Marina/La Malinche as a symbol of the violation of the Americas by the Spanish conquerors as well as a metaphor of her treason to the Mexican people. On the other, the role of the translations of Bartolomé de las Casas's Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias in the creation and expansion of the Spanish Black Legend. The author aims to go beyond them by considering the role of translators and interpreters during the early colonial period in Spanish America and by looking at the translations of the Spanish chronicles as instrumental in the promotion of other European empires. The book discusses literary, religious and administrative documents and engages in a dialogue with other disciplines that can provide a more nuanced view of the role of translation, and of the mediators, during the controversial encounter/clash between Europeans and Amerindians.
9789027269409
Translating and interpreting -- History. Translating and interpreting -- Political aspects. Translating services -- History. Language and culture. United States -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. Spain -- Colonies -- America.