TY  - BOOK
AU  - Baynes,Ronald E.
AU  - Riviere,Jim E.
TI  - Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals: International Approaches to Residue Avoidance, Management, and Testing
SN  - 9781118872826
AV  - SF95 
PY  - 2014///
CY  - Newark
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
KW  - Food animals - Feeding and feeds - Contamination
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals: International Approaches to Residue Avoidance, Management, and Testing -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Importance of Veterinary Drug Residues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Veterinary Drug Use in Livestock -- 1.3 Quality Assurance Programs -- 1.4 Adverse Human Health Effects of Drug Residues -- 1.5 Withdrawal Time Determinations -- 1.6 Antimicrobial Resistance -- 1.7 Economic Impact of Drug Residues -- References -- Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetic Principles for Understanding Drug Depletion as a Basis for Determination of Withdrawal Periods for Animal Drugs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Pharmacokinetic Principles Underlying Drug Depletion -- 2.3 The Impact of PK on Drug Depletion -- 2.4 Factors Influencing ADME -- 2.4.1 Gender -- 2.4.2 Age -- 2.4.3 Body Composition -- 2.4.4 Pregnancy and Lactation -- 2.4.5 Heritable Traits/Breeds -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Drug Residue Depletion in the Edible Products of Food-Producing Animals for Establishing Withdrawal Periods and Milk Discard Times -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Residue Safety Standards for Total Residues -- 3.1.2 Residue Exposure Evaluation and Mitigation -- 3.2 Information Needed for Determination of Withdrawal Periods or Milk Discard Times -- 3.2.1 Total Residue Depletion Study -- 3.2.2 Metabolism and Comparative Metabolism Studies -- 3.2.3 Target Tissue, Marker Residue and Tolerance Determination -- 3.2.4 Marker Residue Depletion Study -- 3.3 Factors for Consideration in Conducting a Marker Residue Depletion Study -- 3.3.1 Animals Species, Class, Gender, and Maturity -- 3.3.2 Animal Husbandry -- 3.3.3 Number of Animals -- 3.3.4 Dose and Administration -- 3.3.5 Sampling Time Intervals; 3.3.6 Tissue Sample Collection -- 3.3.7 Tissue Sample Analysis and Data Report -- 3.3.8 Withdrawal Time Calculation -- 3.3.9 Special Case Considerations Related to Setting a Withdrawal Period -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Establishing Maximum Residue Limits in Europe* -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Procedure for the Establishment of MRLs -- 4.3 Scientific Evaluation -- 4.4 Extrapolation of MRLs -- 4.5 Prohibited Drugs -- 4.6 EU Policy on Minor Use and Minor Species -- 4.7 EU Policy and Legislation on Feed Additives -- 4.8 Off-Label Use -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Methods to Derive Withdrawal Periods in the European Union -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Withdrawal Periods for Meat -- 5.2.1 Residue Studies -- 5.2.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.3 Statistical Method -- 5.4 Alternative Approach: Decision Rule -- 5.4.1 Injection Site Residues -- 5.5 Withdrawal Periods for Milk -- 5.5.1 Residue Studies for Milk -- 5.5.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.6 Withdrawal Periods for Eggs -- 5.6.1 Residue Studies for Eggs -- 5.6.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.7 Withdrawal Periods for Honey -- 5.8 Extrapolation of Withdrawal Periods -- 5.8.1 Identical Products -- 5.8.2 Products with Identical Active Ingredient but with Different Formulation/Different Dosing Regimen/Routes of Administration -- 5.8.3 Products Not Authorized Previously for Major Species -- References -- Chapter 6 Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Withdrawal Times -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Population Modeling to Preslaughter Withdrawal Times -- 6.3 Covariate Analysis -- 6.4 Benefits to Population-Based Modeling Techniques -- 6.5 Limitations of Population-Based Modeling Techniques -- 6.6 Future Applications -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Model Development and Validation; 7.3 PBPK Applied to Prediction of Drug Residues -- 7.3.1 Extralabel Drug Use in Individuals and Populations: Sulfamethazine in Swine -- 7.3.2 Scaling between Species: Melamine in Rats and Swine -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Residue Avoidance in Beef Cattle Production Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Beef Cattle Production Systems -- 8.2.1 Common Infectious Diseases of Beef Cattle -- 8.3 Use of Anti-infective Agents in Beef Cattle Production -- 8.3.1 The Need for Anti-infectives -- 8.3.2 Definition of Therapeutic -- 8.3.3 Clinical Scenarios in Which Extralabel Drug Use May Be Required -- 8.4 Approaches to Minimize the Need for Antimicrobial Drugs -- 8.4.1 Evidence for Interventions That Reduce Antimicrobial Use -- 8.4.2 Evidence for Interventions That Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance -- 8.5 Approaches to Minimize the Need for Parasiticides -- 8.6 Approaches to Minimize Residues (Residue Avoidance) -- 8.7 Quality Assurance Programs -- 8.8 The Future: Antimicrobial Regulation and the Market for "Antimicrobial-Free" Beef Products -- References -- Chapter 9 Residue Avoidance in Dairy Cattle Production Systems -- 9.1 Prophylactic Use of Drugs in Dairy Cattle -- 9.2 Therapeutic Use of Drugs in Dairy Cattle -- 9.3 Prevalence of Drug Residues -- 9.4 Minimizing Residues in Meat and Milk -- References -- Chapter 10 Residue Avoidance in Aquaculture Production Systems∗ -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Environmental Contaminants -- 10.3 Drug Use as a Source of Residues -- 10.4 Melamine Adulteration of Aquaculture Feeds: A Case Study -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Residue Avoidance in Small Ruminant Production Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Prophylactic Use of Major Drug Classes (E.G., Antibiotics, Antiparasitics) in Goat and Sheep Production Systems in the EU, United States, and Australasia; 11.3 Therapeutic Use of Major Drug Classes (E.G., Antibiotics, Antiparasitics) in Goat and Sheep Production Systems -- 11.4 Prevalence of Drug Residues in Sheep and Goat Meat and Milk -- 11.5 Approaches to Minimize Antimicrobial Use and Cost of Eliminating Subtherapeutic Use -- 11.6 Quality Assurance Programs with Special Emphasis on Management of Drug Residues in Goat and Sheep Production Systems -- 11.7 The Future -- References -- Chapter 12 Residue Avoidance in Swine Production Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Prophylactic Use of Drugs in Swine -- 12.3 Therapeutic Use of Drugs in Swine -- 12.3.1 Aminoglycosides -- 12.3.2 Sulfonamides -- 12.3.3 Tetracyclines -- 12.3.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 12.4 Prevalence of Drug Residues -- 12.5 Minimizing Residues in Swine -- References -- Chapter 13 Confirmatory Methods for Veterinary Drugs and Chemical Contaminants in Livestock Commodities -- 13.1 Introduction and Essential Concepts -- 13.2 Instrumentation and Techniques -- 13.3 Method Development, Validation, and Official Guidelines -- 13.4 Selected Recent Publications for Confirmation of Veterinary Drugs or Organic Contaminants in Food Animal Products and Feed -- 13.4.1 Examples of LC-MS/MS-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.2 Examples of LC-QIT MS-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.3 Examples of LC-(Q)-TOF-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.4 Examples of Orbitrap-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.5 Comparison between Unit Resolution MS/MS and HRMS1 on the Same Analysis Targets -- 13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank: An Example of Risk Management of Veterinary Drug Residues -- 14.1 Origins of FARAD -- 14.2 The Role of FARAD -- 14.3 Access to Regulatory Drug Information via the FARAD Website; 14.4 Expert-Mediated Consultations by FARAD -- 14.5 FARAD Publications and Presentations -- 14.6 Global FARAD -- Chapter 15 Risk Management of Chemical Contaminants in Livestock -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Heptachlor -- 15.3 Dioxin -- 15.4 Melamine -- 15.5 Radioactive Contamination and Management Consideration -- 15.6 By-Products of Fracking -- References -- Index
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