Cover -- Table of Contents -- SECTION 1 Introduction to Particulate Emissions -- CHAPTER 1 Gasoline Engine Particulate Emissions Introduction -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 2 Health Impact of Particulates from Gasoline Engines -- 2.1 Air Pollution: A Brief Historical Survey -- 2.2 Interactions of Inhaled Air Pollutants with the Respiratory System -- 2.2.1 The Journey of an Inhaled Particle: Macro- and Microscopic Structure of the Respiratory System -- 2.2.2 Clearance Mechanisms -- 2.2.3 Mechanisms Underlying the Adverse Health Effects -- 2.3 Hazard and Risk Identification of Gasoline Exhaust -- 2.3.1 Epidemiological Findings -- 2.3.2 Findings from In Vivo Studies -- 2.3.3 Findings from Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies -- 2.4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 3 Regulations and Environmental Technologies -- 3.1 Why the Emphasis on Particulates from Modern Gasoline Engines? -- 3.1.1 Health Risks -- 3.1.2 Global Warming Considerations -- 3.1.3 Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) -- 3.2 Regulations on Vehicular Exhaust Particulate Emissions -- 3.2.1 United States and California -- 3.2.2 Europe -- 3.2.3 Test Procedures -- 3.2.4 China -- 3.2.5 India -- 3.3 Technology Pathways -- 3.3.1 In-Cylinder Methods -- 3.3.2 Fuel Considerations -- 3.3.3 Aftertreatment System -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- About the Author -- SECTION 2 Fundamentals of Particulate Emissions -- CHAPTER 4 Soot Formation in Combustion -- 4.1 Combustion-Generated Particles -- 4.1.1 Organic Fraction -- 4.1.2 Sulfate Fraction -- 4.1.3 Nitrate Fraction -- 4.1.4 Carbonaceous Fraction -- 4.1.5 Ash Fraction -- 4.2 Soot Formation -- 4.3 Influencing Factors on Soot Formation in Gasoline Engines -- 4.3.1 Inhomogeneity -- 4.3.2 Tip Sooting -- 4.4 Soot Formation in Different Operating Points. 4.4.1 Higher Specific Loads and Low Engine Speeds -- 4.4.2 Engine in Transient Operation Points -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 5 Fuel Impact on Particle Formation -- References -- About the Author -- SECTION 3 Particulate Emission Reduction Technologies -- CHAPTER 6 Advanced Gasoline Combustion and Engine Controls -- 6.1 Gasoline Direct Injection -- 6.1.1 PN Formation Mechanisms -- 6.1.2 Operating Conditions -- 6.1.3 Engine Calibration -- 6.1.4 Summary Formation Mechanism -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 7 Gasoline Particulate Filter Design, Fundamentals, and Function -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Aftertreatment Architectures Using GPF -- 7.3 General Filter Design and Application Requirements -- 7.4 Filter Design Fundamentals and Considerations -- 7.4.1 Material Selection -- 7.4.2 Filtration -- 7.4.3 Pressure Drop -- 7.4.4 Catalyst Functionality -- 7.4.5 Mechanical Robustness and Packaging -- 7.5 Application Fundamentals -- 7.5.1 Filtration over Different Emission Cycles -- 7.5.2 Ash Accumulation -- 7.5.3 Filter Design Based on Pressure Drop -- 7.5.4 Soot Oxidation and Regeneration -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 8 Gasoline Particulate Filter Application and Durability -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Filtration Efficiency in Practical Applications -- 8.2.1 Procedures for Particulate Emission Measurement -- 8.2.2 Effect of Application Conditions on Filtration Efficiency -- 8.2.3 Evolution of Filtration Efficiency over Initial Mileage -- 8.2.4 Evolution of Filtration Efficiency over Extended Mileage -- 8.3 Ash Accumulation in Vehicle Applications -- 8.4 Soot Management in Vehicle Applications -- 8.4.1 Soot Load Monitoring -- 8.4.2 Examples of GPFs Operated in Purely Passive Applications -- 8.4.3 Examples of Severe Soot Regeneration -- 8.5 Thermal Robustness Requirements in Vehicle Applications. 8.5.1 Thermal Stress Due to Transient Changes in the Boundary Conditions -- 8.5.2 Thermal Stress Due to Severe Soot Oxidation -- 8.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 9 Three-Way Catalyst Integration into Particulate Filters -- 9.1 Introduction -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 10 Three-Way Catalyst Gaseous Emissions: Gasoline Particulate Filter vs. Flow-Through Substrates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Typical System Architectures -- 10.3 Design of Filter Coating and Effect on Gaseous Conversion -- 10.4 Examples of the Gaseous Emissions Conversion Performance of Coated GPFs -- 10.5 Summary -- Reference -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 11 Uncoated Gasoline Particulate Filter Integration and Examples -- Summary -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 GPF Design/Integration -- 11.2.1 Functional Requirements -- 11.2.2 GPF System Operation -- 11.2.3 Associated Test Procedures -- 11.3 Tuning Impact of the GPF -- 11.3.1 Engine Performance -- 11.3.2 GPF Monitoring Strategies -- 11.4 GPF System Validation -- 11.4.1 Filtration Efficiency Tests -- 11.4.2 Vehicle Road Tests -- 11.5 Conclusion -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 12 System Integration and Application for a Three-Way Catalyst-Coated Gasoline Particulate Filter -- 12.1 Design of TWC-Coated GPF -- 12.1.1 PN FE -- 12.1.2 Optimization of PN FE -- 12.2 Soot Regeneration -- 12.2.1 Soot Regeneration with Respect to Oxygen Concentration -- 12.2.2 Soot Mass Limit -- 12.2.3 Soot Regeneration Rate -- 12.3 Durability Test -- 12.3.1 PN FE -- 12.3.2 Ash Effect on SML -- 12.4 Implementation of GPF in Mass Production Vehicles -- References -- About the Authors -- SECTION 4 Measurement, Modeling and Control -- CHAPTER 13 Measurement of Gasoline Particle Emissions: Laboratory and On-Board Vehicle -- 13.1 Background to the Development of Particle Number (PN) Counting -- 13.2 CPC Design. 13.3 PN Counting System Design -- 13.4 Performance Criteria for Particle Counting Systems -- 13.5 Periodic Calibration and Validation -- 13.6 PN Limit Specified for EURO 5 Compression Ignition Vehicles -- 13.7 Other Legislative Applications of PN Limits -- 13.8 PN Counting Systems for Real Driving Emissions -- 13.9 Example: A PEMS-PN System Based on a CPC (HORIBA OBS-ONE-PN) -- 13.10 Example: A PEMS-PN System Based on an Advanced Diffusion Charger Design (TESTO NANOMET-3) -- 13.11 Application of PEMS-PN to Other Automotive Exhaust Applications -- 13.12 Future of PN Measurement Within the EU -- 13.13 Future Applications of PN Counting for Non-exhaust Emissions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 14 On-Board Diagnostics for Gasoline Particulate Filters -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Regulation Overview -- 14.3 GPF Failure Modes -- 14.3.1 Missing GPF Substrate -- 14.3.2 GPF Cracking and Channel Damage -- 14.4 GPF Sensing -- 14.4.1 DPS -- 14.4.2 Resistive PM Sensor -- 14.4.3 Ion Charge Sensor -- 14.4.4 Escaping Current PM Sensor -- 14.4.5 Radio Frequency Sensor -- 14.5 Algorithm Development -- 14.5.1 Flow Restriction -- 14.5.2 Differential Pressure Signal -- 14.5.3 Fault Criteria -- 14.5.4 System Identification -- 14.5.5 Monitor Enable Conditions, Calculations, and Thresholds -- 14.6 Algorithm Validation -- 14.6.1 Validation Strategies -- 14.6.2 Regulatory Requirements -- References -- About the Authors -- CHAPTER 15 Modeling of Gasoline Particulate Emission Control Systems and Components -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Wall-Scale Modeling -- 15.2.1 Wall Filtration -- 15.2.2 Effect of Accumulated Soot on Filtration -- 15.2.3 Pressure Drop -- 15.3 Channel-Scale Modeling -- 15.3.1 Mass-Momentum Balance -- 15.3.2 Pressure Drop -- 15.3.3 Energy Balance -- 15.3.4 Species Balance -- 15.3.5 TWC Reactions -- 15.3.6 Soot Reactions. 15.4 Filter Scale Modeling -- 15.4.1 Filter Regeneration in Fuel Cut-Off Events -- 15.4.2 Ash Accumulation -- 15.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Nomenclature -- A. Latin Letters -- B. Greek Letters -- C. Subscripts and Superscripts -- D. Acronyms -- Reference -- About the Authors -- SAE Book Category Descriptions -- Index.
Focuses on the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements.