Principles of Water Treatment.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (674 pages)
Intro -- Principles of Water Treatment -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1-1 The Importance of Principles -- 1-2 The Importance of Sustainability -- References -- Chapter 2 Water Quality and Public Health -- 2-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health -- History of Waterborne Disease -- Role of Water in Transmitting Disease -- 2-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems -- Groundwater -- Rivers -- Lakes and Reservoirs -- Seawater -- Wastewater- Impaired Waters -- 2-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States -- U.S. Public Health Service -- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Safe Drinking Water Act -- SDWA Amendments and Updates -- Current Updating Process for Drinking Water Contaminants -- Acute versus Chronic Exposure -- 2-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment -- 2-5 Summary and Study Guide -- References -- Chapter 3 Process Selection -- 3-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties -- 3-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection -- Removal Efficiency -- Reliability -- Multiple-Barrier Concept -- Flexibility -- Successful Operating History -- Utility Experience -- Cost -- 3-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations -- Life-Cycle Assessment -- Life-Cycle Assessment of Water Treatment Facilities -- 3-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains -- 3-5 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 4 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering -- 4-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations -- 4-2 Chemical Equilibrium -- Reaction Stoichiometry -- Concentration and Activity -- Equilibrium Constants -- Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants -- 4-3 Chemical Kinetics -- Rate Equations and Reaction Order -- Empirical Reaction Rate Expressions -- Effect of Temperature on Rate Constants. Determining Reaction Rate Constants -- 4-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment -- Acid-Base Reactions -- Precipitation-Dissolution Reactions -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 4-5 Mass Balance Analysis -- Control Volumes and System Boundaries -- Fundamental Mass Balance Equation -- Accumulation Term -- Input and Output Terms -- Reaction Term -- 4-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis -- Types of Reactors -- Time Dependence -- Reaction Characteristics -- Input Characteristics for Flow Reactors -- 4-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors -- 4-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors -- Completely Mixed Flow Reactor -- Plug Flow Reactor -- 4-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors -- Completely Mixed Flow Reactor -- Plug Flow Reactor -- 4-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests -- Analysis of Tracer Data -- 4-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors -- The t10/τ Ratio -- The Tanks-in-Series Model -- 4-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors -- 4-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer -- 4-14 Molecular Diffusion -- Brownian Motion -- Fick's First Law -- Diffusion in the Presence of Fluid Flow -- 4-15 Diffusion Coefficients -- Liquid-Phase Diffusion Coefficients for Large Molecules and Particles -- Liquid-Phase Diffusion Coefficients for Small Neutral Molecules -- Liquid-Phase Diffusion Coefficients for Electrolytes -- Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients for Organic Compounds -- 4-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface -- Surface Area Available for Mass Transfer -- Film Model -- Two-Film Model -- Boundary Layer Models -- 4-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams -- Development of Operating Diagrams -- Analysis Using Operating Diagrams -- 4-18 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 5 Coagulation and Flocculation. 5-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment -- Coagulation Process -- Flocculation Process -- Practical Design Issues -- 5-2 Stability of Particles in Water -- Particle-Solvent Interactions -- Electrical Properties of Particles -- Particle Stability -- Destabilization -- 5-3 Principles of Coagulation -- Adsorption and Charge Neutralization -- Adsorption and Interparticle Bridging -- Precipitation and Enmeshment -- 5-4 Coagulation Practice -- Inorganic Metallic Coagulants -- Organic Polymers -- Enhanced Coagulation -- Jar Testing for Coagulant Evaluation -- 5-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation -- 5-6 Rapid-Mix Practice -- 5-7 Principles of Flocculation -- Rate of Particle Collision -- Collision Frequency Function -- Comparison of Collision Frequency Functions -- 5-8 Flocculation Practice -- Vertical Turbine Flocculators -- Horizontal Paddle Wheel Flocculators -- 5-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations -- 5-10 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 6 Sedimentation -- 6-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling -- 6-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins -- 6-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling -- Advantages of Flocculant Settling -- Analysis of Flocculant Settling -- 6-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling -- Solids Flux Analysis -- Limiting Flux Rate -- Area Required for Solids Thickening -- 6-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design -- Rectangular Sedimentation Basins -- Circular Sedimentation Basins and Upflow Clarifiers -- 6-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes -- Tube and Lamella Plate Clarifiers -- Solids Contact Clarifiers -- Ballasted Sedimentation -- 6-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation -- Density Currents -- Wind Effects -- Outlet Currents -- Equipment Movement. 6-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations -- 6-9 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 7 Rapid Granular Filtration -- 7-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter -- Filter Media -- Underdrains -- Surface Wash -- Wash Troughs -- Gullet -- Valves and Piping -- Flow Control -- 7-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration -- Filtration Rate -- Pretreatment Requirements -- 7-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration -- Straining -- Depth Filtration -- Formulation of a Filtration Model -- Transport Mechanisms -- Sedimentation -- Interception -- Attachment Efficiency -- 7-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed -- 7-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization -- 7-6 Backwash Hydraulics -- Stratification -- Multimedia Filters -- Removal of Fines -- 7-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations -- 7-8 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 8 Membrane Filtration -- 8-1 Classification of Membrane Processes -- 8-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration -- 8-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment -- Membrane Geometry -- Filtration Direction through Hollow Fibers -- Material Properties -- Material Chemistry -- Internal Membrane Structure -- Module Configuration -- 8-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration -- Cross-Flow and Dead End Flow Regimes -- Pretreatment -- Backwash -- Chemically Enhanced Backwash -- Chemical Wash Cycle -- Clean-in-Place Cycle -- Integrity Testing and Monitoring -- Posttreatment -- Residual Handling -- 8-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration -- Retention Rating -- Rejection and Log Removal -- Filtration Mechanisms -- Removal of Microorganisms -- 8-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters -- Temperature and Pressure Dependence -- 8-7 Membrane Fouling -- Mechanisms of Fouling -- Reversibility of Fouling -- Fouling by Natural Organic Matter. Resistance-in-Series Model -- Membrane Fouling Index -- 8-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids -- 8-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations -- 8-10 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 9 Reverse Osmosis -- 9-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility -- Membrane Elements -- Membrane Structure and Chemistry -- Membrane Skids, Stages, and Arrays -- Pretreatment -- Posttreatment -- Concentrate Stream Energy Recovery -- Concentrate Management -- 9-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis -- Diffusion and Osmosis -- Osmotic Pressure -- Reverse Osmosis -- 9-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes -- Mass Transfer through Dense Materials-The Solution-Diffusion Model -- Mechanisms of Solute Rejection -- Quantifying Solute Rejection -- Equations for Water and Solute Flux -- 9-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure -- 9-5 Concentration Polarization -- 9-6 Fouling and Scaling -- Fouling by Particulate Matter -- Scaling from Precipitation of Inorganic Salts -- Fouling from Oxidation and Precipitation of Soluble Metals -- Biological Fouling -- 9-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design -- Manufacturer Design Programs -- Pilot Testing -- 9-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations -- 9-9 Summary and Study Guide -- Homework Problems -- References -- Chapter 10 Adsorption and Ion Exchange -- 10-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process -- Pore Size and Surface Area -- Adsorption Media -- Adsorption Contactors -- Adsorption Mechanisms -- 10-2 Adsorption Equilibrium -- Langmuir Isotherm for a Single Solute -- Freundlich Isotherm for a Single Solute -- Multicomponent Adsorption -- 10-3 Adsorption Kinetics -- 10-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process -- Ion Exchange Resin Structure -- Classification of Resins by Functional Group -- Ion Exchange Contactors -- Exchange Capacity -- Selectivity. 10-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium.