TY  - BOOK
AU  - Dargie,Waltenegus
AU  - Poellabauer,Christian
TI  - Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
T2  - Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Series
SN  - 9780470666395
AV  - TK7872.D48D37 2010 
U1  - 681.2 
PY  - 2010///
CY  - Newark
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
KW  - Electronics
KW  - Wireless sensor networks
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS -- Contents -- About the Series Editors -- Preface -- Part One: INTRODUCTION -- 1 Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes -- 1.1 Definitions and Background -- 1.1.1 Sensing and Sensors -- 1.1.2 Wireless Sensor Networks -- 1.2 Challenges and Constraints -- 1.2.1 Energy -- 1.2.2 Self-Management -- 1.2.3 Wireless Networking -- 1.2.4 Decentralized Management -- 1.2.5 Design Constraints -- 1.2.6 Security -- 1.2.7 Other Challenges -- Exercises -- References -- 2 Applications -- 2.1 Structural Health Monitoring -- 2.1.1 Sensing Seismic Events -- 2.1.2 Single Damage Detection Using Natural Frequencies -- 2.1.3 Multiple Damage Detection Using Natural Frequencies -- 2.1.4 Multiple Damage Detection Using Mode Shapes -- 2.1.5 Coherence -- 2.1.6 Piezoelectric Effect -- 2.1.7 Prototypes -- 2.2 Traffic Control -- 2.2.1 The Sensing Task -- 2.2.2 Prototypes -- 2.3 Health Care -- 2.3.1 Available Sensors -- 2.3.2 Prototypes -- 2.4 Pipeline Monitoring -- 2.4.1 Prototype -- 2.5 Precision Agriculture -- 2.5.1 Prototypes -- 2.6 Active Volcano -- 2.6.1 Prototypes -- 2.7 Underground Mining -- 2.7.1 Sources of Accidents -- 2.7.2 The Sensing Task -- Exercises -- References -- 3 Node Architecture -- 3.1 The Sensing Subsystem -- 3.1.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter -- 3.2 The Processor Subsystem -- 3.2.1 Architectural Overview -- 3.2.2 Microcontroller -- 3.2.3 Digital Signal Processor -- 3.2.4 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit -- 3.2.5 Field Programmable Gate Array -- 3.2.6 Comparison -- 3.3 Communication Interfaces -- 3.3.1 Serial Peripheral Interface -- 3.3.2 Inter-Integrated Circuit -- 3.3.3 Summary -- 3.4 Prototypes -- 3.4.1 The IMote Node Architecture -- 3.4.2 The XYZ Node Architecture -- 3.4.3 The Hogthrob Node Architecture -- Exercises -- References -- 4 Operating Systems -- 4.1 Functional Aspects; 4.1.1 Data Types -- 4.1.2 Scheduling -- 4.1.3 Stacks -- 4.1.4 System Calls -- 4.1.5 Handling Interrupts -- 4.1.6 Multithreading -- 4.1.7 Thread-Based vs Event-Based Programming -- 4.1.8 Memory Allocation -- 4.2 Nonfunctional Aspects -- 4.2.1 Separation of Concern -- 4.2.2 System Overhead -- 4.2.3 Portability -- 4.2.4 Dynamic Reprogramming -- 4.3 Prototypes -- 4.3.1 TinyOS -- 4.3.2 SOS -- 4.3.3 Contiki -- 4.3.4 LiteOS -- 4.4 Evaluation -- Exercises -- References -- Part Two: BASIC ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK -- 5 Physical Layer -- 5.1 Basic Components -- 5.2 Source Encoding -- 5.2.1 The Efficiency of a Source Encoder -- 5.2.2 Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation -- 5.3 Channel Encoding -- 5.3.1 Types of Channels -- 5.3.2 Information Transmission over a Channel -- 5.3.3 Error Recognition and Correction -- 5.4 Modulation -- 5.4.1 Modulation Types -- 5.4.2 Quadratic Amplitude Modulation -- 5.4.3 Summary Signal Propagation -- 5.5 Signal Propagation -- Exercises -- References -- 6 Medium Access Control -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.1.1 Contention-Free Medium Access -- 6.1.2 Contention-Based Medium Access -- 6.2 Wireless MAC Protocols -- 6.2.1 Carrier Sense Multiple Access -- 6.2.2 Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) and MACAW -- 6.2.3 MACA By Invitation -- 6.2.4 IEEE 802.11 -- 6.2.5 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee -- 6.3 Characteristics of MAC Protocols in Sensor Networks -- 6.3.1 Energy Efficiency -- 6.3.2 Scalability -- 6.3.3 Adaptability -- 6.3.4 Low Latency and Predictability -- 6.3.5 Reliability -- 6.4 Contention-Free MAC Protocols -- 6.4.1 Characteristics -- 6.4.2 Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access -- 6.4.3 Y-MAC -- 6.4.4 DESYNC-TDMA -- 6.4.5 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy -- 6.4.6 Lightweight Medium Access Control -- 6.5 Contention-Based MAC Protocols -- 6.5.1 Power Aware Multi-Access with Signaling -- 6.5.2 Sensor MAC -- 6.5.3 Timeout MAC; 6.5.4 Pattern MAC -- 6.5.5 Routing-Enhanced MAC -- 6.5.6 Data-Gathering MAC -- 6.5.7 Preamble Sampling and WiseMAC -- 6.5.8 Receiver-Initiated MAC -- 6.6 Hybrid MAC Protocols -- 6.6.1 Zebra MAC -- 6.6.2 Mobility Adaptive Hybrid MAC -- 6.7 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- 7 Network Layer -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Routing Metrics -- 7.2.1 Commonly Used Metrics -- 7.3 Flooding and Gossiping -- 7.4 Data-Centric Routing -- 7.4.1 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation -- 7.4.2 Directed Diffusion -- 7.4.3 Rumor Routing -- 7.4.4 Gradient-Based Routing -- 7.5 Proactive Routing -- 7.5.1 Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector -- 7.5.2 Optimized Link State Routing -- 7.6 On-Demand Routing -- 7.6.1 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector -- 7.6.2 Dynamic Source Routing -- 7.7 Hierarchical Routing -- 7.8 Location-Based Routing -- 7.8.1 Unicast Location-Based Routing -- 7.8.2 Multicast Location-Based Routing -- 7.8.3 Geocasting -- 7.9 QoS-Based Routing Protocols -- 7.9.1 Sequential Assignment Routing -- 7.9.2 SPEED -- 7.9.3 Multipath Multi-SPEED -- 7.10 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Part Three: NODE AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT -- 8 Power Management -- 8.1 Local Power Management Aspects -- 8.1.1 Processor Subsystem -- 8.1.2 Communication Subsystem -- 8.1.3 Bus Frequency and RAM Timing -- 8.1.4 Active Memory -- 8.1.5 Power Subsystem -- 8.2 Dynamic Power Management -- 8.2.1 Dynamic Operation Modes -- 8.2.2 Dynamic Scaling -- 8.2.3 Task Scheduling -- 8.3 Conceptual Architecture -- 8.3.1 Architectural Overview -- Exercises -- References -- 9 Time Synchronization -- 9.1 Clocks and the Synchronization Problem -- 9.2 Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 9.2.1 Reasons for Time Synchronization -- 9.2.2 Challenges for Time Synchronization -- 9.3 Basics of Time Synchronization -- 9.3.1 Synchronization Messages; 9.3.2 Nondeterminism of Communication Latency -- 9.4 Time Synchronization Protocols -- 9.4.1 Reference Broadcasts Using Global Sources of Time -- 9.4.2 Lightweight Tree-Based Synchronization -- 9.4.3 Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks -- 9.4.4 Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol -- 9.4.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization -- 9.4.6 Time-Diffusion Synchronization Protocol -- 9.4.7 Mini-Sync and Tiny-Sync -- Exercises -- References -- 10 Localization -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 Ranging Techniques -- 10.2.1 Time of Arrival -- 10.2.2 Time Difference of Arrival -- 10.2.3 Angle of Arrival -- 10.2.4 Received Signal Strength -- 10.3 Range-Based Localization -- 10.3.1 Triangulation -- 10.3.2 Trilateration -- 10.3.3 Iterative and Collaborative Multilateration -- 10.3.4 GPS-Based Localization -- 10.4 Range-Free Localization -- 10.4.1 Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS) -- 10.4.2 Approximate Point in Triangulation -- 10.4.3 Localization Based on Multidimensional Scaling -- 10.5 Event-Driven Localization -- 10.5.1 The Lighthouse Approach -- 10.5.2 Multi-Sequence Positioning -- Exercises -- References -- 11 Security -- 11.1 Fundamentals of Network Security -- 11.2 Challenges of Security in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 11.3 Security Attacks in Sensor Networks -- 11.3.1 Denial-of-Service -- 11.3.2 Attacks on Routing -- 11.3.3 Attacks on Transport Layer -- 11.3.4 Attacks on Data Aggregation -- 11.3.5 Privacy Attacks -- 11.4 Protocols and Mechanisms for Security -- 11.4.1 Symmetric and Public Key Cryptography -- 11.4.2 Key Management -- 11.4.3 Defenses Against DoS Attacks -- 11.4.4 Defenses Against Aggregation Attacks -- 11.4.5 Defenses Against Routing Attacks -- 11.4.6 Security Protocols for Sensor Networks -- 11.4.7 TinySec -- 11.4.8 Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol -- 11.5 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Security -- 11.6 Summary -- Exercises -- References; 12 Sensor Network Programming -- 12.1 Challenges in Sensor Network Programming -- 12.2 Node-Centric Programming -- 12.2.1 nesC Language -- 12.2.2 TinyGALS -- 12.2.3 Sensor Network Application Construction Kit -- 12.2.4 Thread-Based Model -- 12.3 Macroprogramming -- 12.3.1 Abstract Regions -- 12.3.2 EnviroTrack -- 12.3.3 Database Approaches -- 12.4 Dynamic Reprogramming -- 12.5 Sensor Network Simulators -- 12.5.1 Network Simulator Tools and Environments -- Exercises -- References -- Index
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