TY  - BOOK
AU  - Clarke,Geoffrey
AU  - Litster,Mirani
TI  - Archaeological Perspectives on Conflict and Warfare in Australia and the Pacific
T2  - Terra Australis Series
SN  - 9781760464899
AV  - DU28.35 
U1  - 355.00994 
PY  - 2022///
CY  - Canberra
PB  - ANU Press
KW  - Archaeology and history
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- List of figures -- Figure 1.1. Relative abundance of fortified/defensive sites in the Pacific. -- Figure 2.1. Distribution of pa sites and approximate latitudinal spans of marginal cultivation at the fourteenth century (A) and sixteenth century (B). -- Figure 2.2. Temporal distribution of traditional Maori migrations by groups originating on the east and west coasts of the North Island, and their canoe ancestors from East Polynesia. -- Figure 2.3. Phase I and II migrations. -- Figure 2.4. Phase III migrations. Oval area with diagonal lines shows approximate area of origin of most Phase III migrations. -- Figure 4.1. Map of Rapa Nui with main locations mentioned in text. -- Figure 4.2. Two mata'a showing tanged attachment and crescent-shaped cutting edge. -- Figure 4.3. The statue Paro at Ahu Te Pito Kura. -- Figure 5.1. Guam and Ritidian with the Northern Mariana Islands. -- Figure 5.2. Selected traditional places in conflict across Micronesia. -- Figure 5.3. First depiction of a Chamorro warrior, c. 1590-1591 CE. -- Figure 5.4. Ritidian Point to the south-east from the Guam National Wildlife Refuge. -- Figure 5.5. Limestone and volcanic sling stones and human bone spearpoints. -- Figure 5.6. Reconstruction of a Spanish raid on a Chamorro Village, c. 1680 CE. -- Figure 5.7. B-29 over Northwest Field, Guam c. 1945. -- Figure 6.1. Map of the Marquesas Islands. -- Figure 6.2. Mouina, chief warrior of the Tayehs (Tei'i tribe, Nuku Hiva). -- Figure 6.3. Marquesan trophy skull. -- Figure 6.4. Map of observation posts on the Penau ridge, Ua Huka. -- Figure 6.5. Map of the cut-ridge of Penau, Hane valley, Ua Huka. -- Figure 6.6. Map of Hanaipa defensive system, Hiva Oa. -- Figure 6.7. Photo of the western Makahi trench, Ua Huka island; Figure 7.1. Aerial view of the Type II Ngermedangeb complex and the Ngermelkii crown and ditch in the Ngatpang (1969-6-2-53). -- Figure 7.2. A ridge-cut impeding access to the Ngetilai crown, a Type IIIa complex in Ngardmau. -- Figure 7.3. Infilled ring-ditch around base of the Oratelruul crown in Ngiwal. -- Figure 7.4. A ditch bisecting a levelled ridge crest at Ked ra Ikerbeluu in Ngatpang (1976-4-217). -- Figure 7.5. Aerial view of a lateral ditch (lower ditch in photo) that may be a trail or water control feature leading to a crown in Aimeliik (1976-6-2). -- Figure 7.6. Section where the Compact Road has cut through east side of the Ngebars earthworks in Ngatpang. -- Figure 7.7. Profile of road cut through the Ngebars earthwork complex. -- Figure 7.8. A Type III earthwork complex in Ngardmau. -- Figure 7.9. Ngerkelalk, a Type IIIb complex with ridge-cuts and high step-terraces leading to a crown in Aimeliik. -- Figure 7.10. Documented crowns and Type III complexes in the Ngaraard Earthwork District. -- Figure 8.1. Map of Lapaha and hinterlands with location of Fisi Tea and other defensive earthworks highlighted. -- Figure 8.2. Detail of Fisi Tea. -- Figure 8.3. Pictorial overview of morphological attributes calculated at each elevation profile. -- Figure 8.4. Plots of morphological variables. -- Figure 8.5. Idealised rampart construction sequence. -- Figure 8.6. Energetics calculation for construction of Fisi Tea. -- Figure 8.7. Selected elevation profiles extracted from the length of Fisi Tea. -- Figure 9.1. Topographic map (2 m isoclines) of Tongatapu with lidar digital elevation model (DEM) and site location of fortifications. -- Figure 9.2. Map of Tongatapu with boundaries of 1500 m (solid black line) and 4500 m (dashed line) from the north shore showing area of intensive inhabitation and extent of intensive agriculture; Figure 9.3. Density map of depressions indicating potential freshwater resources. -- Figure 9.4. Map of Tongatapu with soil types based on the geospatial database from the Tongan Ministry Department for Land, Survey and Natural Resources -- Figure 9.5. Sightline analysis of fort locations 5 km in distance from each other. -- Figure 9.6. Intervisibility analysis of fort location. -- Figure 9.7. Ortho-image of Tongatapu showing modern settlements in relation to fort location. -- Figure 10.1. Attack on a settler's hut. -- Figure 10.2. Rear view of the 'men's hut', once part of Central Outstation, a sheep run on the western Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. -- Figure 10.3. Plan view of the 'men's hut' at Central Outstation, with collapsed portions reconstructed based on physical evidence and a historical photograph. -- Figure 10.4. Exterior of extant embrasure in the 'men's hut' at Central Outstation, subsequently blocked up. -- Figure 10.5. Interior of extant embrasure in the 'men's hut' at Central Outstation, subsequently blocked up. -- Figure 10.6. Door from 'Avenue Range' (later 'Keilira') pastoral station. -- Figure 10.7. Eastern aspect of the 'coach-house' at the site of Lizard Lodge, once a semi-remote farm, now in suburban Adelaide. -- Figure 10.8. Plan of the 'coach-house' at the site of Lizard Lodge showing the position of the internally splayed embrasures in relation to the fireplace and conventional casement window. -- Figure 10.9. Western elevation of 'the Old Fort' store building at the former site  of Springvale St -- Figure 10.10. Interior (left) and exterior (right) of the circular embrasures either side of the rear door of Springvale homestead. -- Figure 11.1. A. Southwest Pacific and Vanuatu inset -- B. Northern Malakula showing locations of 1. Bridges Store, Tautu -- 2. Sanwer beach, landing location -- 3. Bartanar village; 4. Mae village. -- Figure 11.2. Australian troops who had been engaged in the Malakula campaign of 1916. -- Figure 11.3. Memorial plaque to eight native policemen who had fallen for France on Malakula since 1914. The plaque was bulldozed during roadworks in south Malakula, Vanuatu Cultural Centre, 2015. -- Figure 11.4. Remnant standing stones, Bartanar nasara, north Malakula, 2016. -- Figure 11.5. Large impression said to be due to the result of naval shelling. Massing Tamendal (far left) and Chief Liten (second from right), 2016. -- Figure 11.6. A. Fragment of 4-inch naval shell (inscribed on the nose: 1.05.No4.M.83 164.7.158.6⚓) -- B. Same shell fragment held by André Ralle, Peterpu village, north Malakula, 2015. -- Figure 12.1. Location of World War II sites mentioned in text including Walliabup (Bibra Lake). -- Figure 12.2. Sunday Times auction notice 'Lot 7, Searchlight Station 10', 16 September 1945. -- Figure 12.3. Area surveyed and excavated by 2017 UWA Archaeology Fieldschool. -- Figure 12.4. Site map of excavated areas, pathways (indicated by black lines) and compacted areas (grey ovals). -- Figure 12.5. Selected finds from excavations at Walliabup (Bibra Lake). -- Figure 12.6. General aspect, plan and section of BLA 002 (pathway) excavation. -- Figure 12.7. General aspect, plan and section of BLA 007 (toilet block) excavation. Blue tarpaulin protecting large grass tree (Xanthorrhoea sp.). -- Figure 12.8. General aspect and plan of BLA 040 (?laundry) clearance. -- Figure 12.9. BLA 041 (septic tank) and finds. -- Figure 12.10. Concrete pad, inset wooden supports and borehole. -- Figure 12.11. Photographs of AWAS personnel at distinctive jarrah tree, Walliabup (Bibra Lake), 1 January 1944. -- Figure 12.12. Photographs of AWAS personnel, Walliabup (Bibra Lake). -- Figure 12.13. Community poster of 2017 AWAS archaeology fieldschool; Figure 13.1. Location of the study area. -- Figure 13.2. Rock art panel from Djulirri, Arnhem Land, illustrating the maritime imagery recorded by Indigenous artists. -- Figure 13.3. Line drawing and photograph of Djulirri ship. -- Figure 13.4. HMAS Moresby c. 1933, Bowen Queensland. -- Figure 13.5. HMAS Moresby shooting party on Melville Island. -- Figure 13.6. Rock art motif and D-stretch image of the aircraft from Maliwawa. -- Figure 13.7. RAAF Avro Anson circa 1940 in flight. -- List of tables -- Table 3.1. Change in occurrence of violence from the Early to Late Holocene in what is now traditional Barapa territory, as measured by cranial trauma of the vault. -- Table 6.1. List of Marquesan defensive sites identified as such in the archaeological literature. -- Table 8.1. Root mean square (RMS) values calculated per vegetation type used in error analysis. -- Table 8.2. Error matrix and accuracy assessment of vegetation classification for determination of digital elevation model (DEM) error zones. -- Table 8.3. Fisi Tea radiocarbon ages from FT-2 and FT-11 excavations. -- Table 9.1. Site names/locations for fortified sites on Tongatapu with basic geographic data for elevation, slope, distance to coast, distance to water sources and soil types. -- Table 10.1. Textual references to the use of defensive architecture on the Australian frontier. -- Table 12.1. Summary artefact table from excavations at Walliabup (Bibra Lake). -- 1. Archaeological perspectives on conflict and warfare in Australia and the Pacific -- 2. War is their principal profession: On the frequency and causes of Maori warfare and migration 1250-1850 CE -- 3. Violence and warfare in Aboriginal Australia -- 4. Warfare in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) -- 5. Traditional places in conflict and their historic context: Ritidian, Guam; 6. The ʻenata way of war: An ethnoarchaeological perspective on warfare dynamics in the Marquesas Islands
N2  - When James Boswell famously lamented the irrationality of war in 1777, he noted the universality of conflict across history and across space - even reaching what he described as the gentle and benign southern ocean nations
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ER  -