International Law for Humankind : Towards a New Jus Gentium. Third Revised Edition.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (770 pages)
- The Hague Academy of International Law Monographs ; v.10 .
- The Hague Academy of International Law Monographs .
Intro -- International Law for Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Glossary of Abbreviations -- Introduction: Preliminary Considerations -- Part I Prolegomena -- Chapter I The Evolution towards a New Jus Gentium: The International Law for Humankind -- I. The Historical Emergence of Jus Gentium -- II. The Legacy of the Evolving Jus Gentium: Recta Ratio and the Pursuit of the Common Good -- III. The Fragmentation of Jus Gentium into Jus inter Gentes -- IV. The Fallacy of Voluntarist Positivism -- V. International Law-Making and the Reconstruction of Jus Gentium -- VI. International Law, Pluralism and Universalism -- VII. The Identification of the Basic Feature of the New Jus Gentium -- VIII. The Universalist Conception of International Law -- Chapter II Time and Law Revisited: International Law and the Temporal Dimension -- I. Introduction -- II. Time and Law: Some Precisions and Lessons -- III. The Incidence of the Temporal Dimension in International Law -- IV. Time and International Law in Face of New Needs of Protection -- V. The Presence of the Preventive Dimension in Domains of Protection -- VI. The Expansion of Provisional Measures of Protection -- VII. The Myopia of Political "Realism" -- VIII. Concluding Observations -- Part II Foundations of International Law -- Chapter III Foundations of International Law: The Role and Importance of Its Basic Principles -- I. Introduction -- II. The Position and Role of the General Principles of Law -- III. The Fundamental Principles as Substratum of the Legal Order Itself -- IV. The Acknowledgement of General Principles of Law by the Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ) -- 1. General Principles of Law and the Quest for Justice. 2. Principles of International Law as Pillars of the International Legal System -- V. The 1970 U.N. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States Revisited -- 1. General Considerations in Historical Perspective -- 2. The Formulation of the Principles of International Law -- 3. The 1970 Declaration of Principles as a Contribution to the Identification of the Opinio Juris Communis -- VI. Concluding Observations -- 1. The Sustained Validity of the Principles of International Law -- 2. The Projection in Time of the Evolving Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples -- 3. Principles of International Law, the Quest for Justice and the Universality of International Law -- Chapter IV The Primacy of International Law over Force -- I. Introduction -- II. The Crystallization and Continuing Validity of the Principle of Non-Use of Force -- III. The Primacy of Law over Force as a Cornerstone of Contemporary International Law -- IV. The Emerging Right to Humanitarian Assistance -- V. The Decivilizing Effects of Unwarranted Use of Force -- VI. Final Observations: The Primacy of Law over Force as an Imperative of Jus Cogens -- Part III Formation of International Law -- Chapter V Contemporary International Law-making: A Reassessment of the Theory of Formal "Sources" of International Law -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations on the Formal "Sources" of International Law -- III. The Formal "Sources" Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute -- 1. International Custom -- 2. Treaties -- 3. General Principles of Law -- 4. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions -- 5. Doctrine -- 6. Equity -- IV. The Formal "Sources" Not Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute -- 1. Unilateral Juridical Acts of States -- 2. Resolutions of International Organizations. V. The Process of Formation of Contemporary International Law: From Consent to Consensus -- VI. Opinio Juris beyond Custom: Its Wide Scope and Role in the Formation of Contemporary International Law -- Chapter VI The Material Source of International Law: Manifestations of the Universal Juridical Conscience -- I. Introduction: Insufficiencies of the Formal "Sources" and the Relevance of the Material "Source" of International Law -- II. Human Conscience, Recta Ratio, and the Universality of International Law -- III. The Material Source of International Law Beyond State Legal Positivism -- IV. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Treaties -- V. Universal Juridical Conscience: The Historical Significance of the Martens Clause -- VI. Invocation of Juridical Conscience in Judicial Proceedings and International Case-Law -- VII. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Legal Doctrine -- VIII. Final Observations: The Achievements of International Law and the Universal Juridical Conscience -- Part IV Subjects of International Law -- Chapter VII States as Subjects of International Law and the Expansion of International Legal Personality -- I. Introduction: International Legal Personality Expanded -- II. Statehood and Recognition -- III. Rights and Duties of States -- IV. States and the Expansion of International Law -- V. The Erosion of the Domestic Jurisdiction of States -- VI. Final Observations: States and the New Horizons of International Legal Personality -- Chapter VIII International Organizations as Subjects of International Law -- I. Introduction: International Organizations and the Modification of the Structure of the International Legal Order -- II. International Organizations and the Ideal of the Realization of Justice. III. International Organizations and the Expansion of International Legal Personality and Responsibility -- IV. The Expansion of International Law Itself by the Law of International Organizations -- 1. International Organizations and the Ascertainment of Opinio Juris -- 2. International Organizations and Treaty-Making Capacity -- 3. Composition of International Organizations: Evolving Issues -- 4. The Growth of Multilateralism and International Cooperation -- V. The Projected Reforms of the International Organizations, Particularly of the United Nations -- VI. Concluding Observations: The Contribution of International Organizations to the Progressive Development of International Law -- 1. International Organizations: Contents and Legal Effects of Resolutions -- 2. Responses to New Needs and Aspirations of the International Community -- Chapter IX The Legal Personality of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- I. Introduction -- II. The Individual as Subject of the Emerging Law of Nations -- III. The Attempted Exclusion of the Individual from the International Legal Order -- IV. The Individual's Presence and Participation in the International Legal Order -- V. The Rescue of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- VI. The Legal Personality of the Individual as a Response to a Need of the International Community -- VII. The Attribution of Duties to the Individual Directly by International Law -- VIII. Personality and Capacity: The Individual's Access to Justice at International Level -- IX. Final Observations: The Historical Significance of the International Subjectivity of the Individual -- Chapter X The Legal Capacity of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- I. Introduction -- II. The International Legal Capacity of the Individual: Legal Foundations, Nature and Scope. 1. Legal Foundations of the Access of the Human Being to International Tribunals -- 2. Juridical Nature and Scope of the Right of International Individual Petition -- III. The Emancipation of the Individual from His Own State -- IV. The Locus Standi of Individuals in the Procedures before International Human Rights Tribunals -- 1. Developments in the European System of Protection -- 2. Developments in the Inter-American System of Protection -- V. The Individual Right of Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals -- 1. Antecedents of Domestic Law: The Subjective Right, and the Direct Access (Jus Standi) to National Tribunals -- 2. Developments in International Law: The Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals -- VI. The Right of Access Lato Sensu of Individuals to International Justice -- VII. Concluding Observations -- Chapter XI Humankind as a Subject of International Law -- I. The Perception and Awareness of Common and Superior Interests of Humankind as Such -- II. The Fundamental Principle of Humanity -- III. Humankind and Considerations of Humanity: A Conceptual Precision -- IV. The Emergence of Humankind as a Subject of International Law -- V. Legal Consequences of the Acknowledgement of Humankind as Subject of International Law -- 1. The Relevance of the Human Rights Framework -- 2. The Question of the Capacity to Act and Legal Representation -- Part V Construction of the International Law for Humankind -- Chapter XII Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes -- I. Introduction: Fundamental Values of the International Community -- II. International Jus Cogens (Peremptory Norms of General International Law) -- 1. Emergence and Content of Jus Cogens -- 2. Evolving Scope of Jus Cogens -- 3. The Gradual Expansion of the Material Content of Jus Cogens. 4. Jus Cogens as a Pillar of the New Jus Gentium, the International Law for Humankind.
Fully updated and covering the new challenges and dangers which have emerged since publication of the previous edition, the new 3rd Edition of International Law for Humankind builds on the revised and adapted text of a General Course on Public International Law delivered by the Author at The Hague Academy of International Law. Professor Cançado Trindade develops his Leitmotiv of identification of a corpus juris increasingly oriented to the fulfillment of the needs and aspirations of human beings, of peoples and of humankind as a whole. With the overcoming of the purely inter-State dimension of the discipline of the past, international legal personality has expanded, so as to encompass nowadays, besides States and international organizations, also peoples, individuals and humankind as subjects of International Law. The growing consciousness of the need to pursue universally-shared values has brought about a fundamental change in the outlook of International Law in the last decades, drawing closer attention to its foundations and, parallel to its formal sources, to its material source (the universal juridical conscience). He examines the conceptual constructions of this new International Law and identifies basic considerations of humanity permeating its whole corpus juris, disclosing the current processes of its humanization and universalization. Finally, he addresses the construction of the international rule of law, acknowledging the need and quest for international compulsory jurisdiction, in the move towards a new jus gentium, the International Law for humankind.