TY  - BOOK
AU  - Holmes,John D.
AU  - Bekele,Seifu
TI  - Wind Loading of Structures
SN  - 9781000220834
AV  - TA654.5 .H656 2021 
U1  - 624.175 
PY  - 2021///
CY  - Milton
PB  - Taylor & Francis Group
KW  - Wind-pressure
KW  - Structural dynamics
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Authors -- 1 The Nature of Windstorms and Wind-Induced Damage -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Meteorological Aspects -- 1.2.1 Pressure Gradient -- 1.2.2 Coriolis Force -- 1.2.3 Geostrophic Wind -- 1.2.4 Gradient Wind -- 1.2.5 Frictional Effects -- 1.3 Types of Wind Storms -- 1.3.1 Gales from Large Depressions -- 1.3.2 Tropical Cyclones -- 1.3.3 Thunderstorms -- 1.3.4 Tornadoes -- 1.3.5 Downbursts -- 1.3.6 Downslope Winds -- 1.4 Wind Damage -- 1.5 Wind-Generated Debris -- 1.5.1 Threshold of Flight -- 1.5.2 Trajectories of Compact Objects -- 1.5.3 Trajectories of Sheet and Rod Objects -- 1.5.4 Standardized Missile Testing Criteria -- 1.6 Windstorm Damage and Loss Prediction -- 1.6.1 Hazard Models -- 1.6.2 Vulnerability Curves -- 1.6.3 Damage Produced by Flying Debris -- 1.7 Hurricane Damage Modelling -- 1.8 Predicted Effects of Climate Change -- 1.9 Summary -- 1.10 The Following Chapters and Appendices -- References -- 2 Prediction of Design Wind Speeds and Structural Safety -- 2.1 Introduction and Historical Background -- 2.2 Principles of Extreme Value Analysis -- 2.2.1 The Generalized Extreme Value Distribution -- 2.2.2 Return Period and Average Recurrence Interval -- 2.2.3 Separation by Storm Type -- 2.2.4 Simulation Methods for Tropical-Cyclone Wind Speeds -- 2.2.5 Compositing Data from Several Stations -- 2.2.6 Correction for Gust Duration -- 2.2.7 Wind Direction Effects -- 2.3 Extreme-Wind Estimation by the Type I Extreme Value Distribution -- 2.3.1 Gumbel's Method -- 2.3.2 Gringorten Method -- 2.3.3 Method of Moments -- 2.3.4 Example of Fitting the Type I Distribution to Annual Maxima -- 2.3.5 General Penultimate Distribution -- 2.4 Peaks over Threshold Approaches -- 2.5 Extreme Winds by Direction Sector -- 2.6 Bootstrapping and Confidence Limits; 2.7 Prediction of Extreme Winds from Tornados -- 2.8 Parent Wind Distributions -- 2.9 Wind Loads and Structural Safety -- 2.9.1 Limit-States Design -- 2.9.2 Probability of Failure and the Safety Index -- 2.9.3 Nominal Return Periods for Design Wind Speeds -- 2.9.4 Uncertainties in Wind Load Specifications -- 2.10 Wind Load Factors -- 2.11 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- 3 Strong Wind Characteristics and Turbulence -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mean Wind Speed Profiles -- 3.2.1 The Logarithmic Law -- 3.2.2 The Deaves and Harris Mean Wind Profile -- 3.2.3 The Power Law -- 3.2.4 Mean Wind Profiles Over Water -- 3.2.5 Relationship between Upper-Level and Surface Winds -- 3.2.6 Mean Wind Profiles in Tropical Cyclones -- 3.2.7 Wind Profiles in Thunderstorm Winds -- 3.2.8 Wind Profiles in Tornados -- 3.3 Turbulence and Gust Wind Speeds -- 3.3.1 Turbulence Intensities -- 3.3.2 Probability Density -- 3.3.3 Gust Wind Speeds and Gust Factors -- 3.3.4 Wind Spectra and Turbulence Length Scales -- 3.3.5 Correlation -- 3.3.6 Co-Spectrum and Coherence -- 3.3.7 Turbulence in a Downdraft -- 3.4 Modification of Wind Flow by Topography -- 3.4.1 General Effects of Topography -- 3.4.2 Topographic Multipliers -- 3.4.3 Shallow Hills -- 3.4.4 Steep Hills, Cliffs and Escarpments -- 3.4.5 Valleys and Gorges -- 3.4.6 Case Studies -- 3.4.7 Effects of Topography on Tropical Cyclones and Thunderstorm Winds -- 3.5 Change of Terrain -- 3.6 Weakening of a Tropical Cyclone after a Coast Crossing -- 3.7 Other Sources -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Basic Bluff-Body Aerodynamics -- 4.1 Flow around Bluff Bodies -- 4.2 Pressure and Force Coefficients -- 4.2.1 Bernoulli's Equation -- 4.2.2 Force Coefficients -- 4.2.3 Functional Dependence of Pressure and Force Coefficients -- 4.2.4 Reynolds Number -- 4.3 Flat Plates and Walls -- 4.3.1 Flat Plates and Walls Normal to the Flow; 4.3.2 Flat Plates and Walls Inclined To the Flow -- 4.4 Rectangular Prismatic Shapes -- 4.4.1 Drag on Two-Dimensional Rectangular Prismatic Shapes -- 4.4.2 Effect of Aspect Ratio -- 4.4.3 Effect of Turbulence -- 4.4.4 Drag and Pressures on a Cube and Finite-Height Prisms -- 4.4.5 Jensen Number -- 4.5 Circular Cylinders -- 4.5.1 Effects of Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness -- 4.5.2 Effect of Aspect Ratio -- 4.6 Fluctuating Forces and Pressures -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 The Quasi-Steady Assumption -- 4.6.3 Body-Induced Pressure Fluctuations and Vortex Shedding Forces -- 4.6.4 Universal Wake Strouhal Number -- 4.6.5 Fluctuating Pressure and Force Coefficients -- 4.6.6 Correlation Length -- 4.6.7 Total Fluctuating Forces on a Slender Body -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- 5 Resonant Dynamic Response And Effective Static Load Distributions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Principles of Dynamic Response -- 5.3 The Random Vibration or Spectral Approach -- 5.3.1 Along-Wind Response of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom Structure -- 5.3.2 Gust Response Factor -- 5.3.3 Peak Factor -- 5.3.4 Dynamic Response Factor -- 5.3.5 Influence Coefficient -- 5.3.6 Along-Wind Response of a Structure with Distributed Mass - Modal Analysis -- 5.3.7 Along-Wind Response of a Structure with Distributed Mass - Separation of Background and Resonant Components -- 5.3.8 Along-Wind Response to Non- Stationary (Transient) Winds -- 5.4 Effective Static Loading Distributions -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Mean Load Distributions -- 5.4.3 Background-Loading Distributions -- 5.4.4 Load Distributions for Resonant Response -- 5.4.5 Combined Load Distribution -- 5.5 Aeroelastic Forces -- 5.5.1 Aerodynamic Damping -- 5.5.2 Galloping -- 5.5.3 Flutter -- 5.5.4 Lock-In -- 5.6 Fatigue under Wind Loading -- 5.6.1 Metallic Fatigue -- 5.6.2 Narrow-Band Fatigue Loading -- 5.6.3 Wide-Band Fatigue Loading; 5.6.4 Effect of Varying Wind Speed -- 5.6.5 Accumulated Fatigue Damage, and Fatigue Life Estimation -- 5.6.6 Number of Cycles above a Defined Stress Level -- 5.7 Summary -- References -- 6 Internal Pressures -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Single Large Opening -- 6.2.1 Dimensional Analysis -- 6.2.2 Response Time -- 6.2.3 Helmholtz Resonator Model -- 6.2.4 Sudden Windward Opening with Inertial Effects -- 6.2.5 Effect of Roof Flexibility -- 6.2.6 Effect of Background Leakage -- 6.2.7 Helmholtz Resonance Frequencies -- 6.2.8 Non-Dimensional Formulation -- 6.2.9 Reduction Factors for Large Volumes and Small Opening Areas -- 6.2.10 Side-Wall Cavity Resonance -- 6.3 Multiple Windward and Leeward Openings -- 6.3.1 Mean Internal Pressures -- 6.3.2 Fluctuating Internal Pressures -- 6.4 Nominally Closed Buildings -- 6.5 Wind-Tunnel Modelling of Internal Pressures -- 6.6 Risk-Consistent Internal Pressures -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- 7 Laboratory Simulation of Strong Winds and Wind Loads -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wind-Tunnel History and Layouts -- 7.2.1 Historical -- 7.2.2 Open-Circuit Type -- 7.2.3 Closed-Circuit Type -- 7.3 Simulation of the Natural Wind -- 7.3.1 Similarity Criteria and Natural Growth Methods -- 7.3.2 Methods for Short Test Sections -- 7.3.3 Simulation of the Surface-Boundary Layer -- 7.3.4 Simulation of Tropical Cyclones and Thunderstorm Winds -- 7.3.5 Laboratory Simulation of Tornadoes -- 7.4 Modelling of Structures for Wind Effects -- 7.4.1 General Approach for Structural Response -- 7.4.2 Modelling of Internal Pressures -- 7.4.3 Simulation Requirements for Structures in Tornadoes -- 7.4.4 Reynolds Numbers and Roughening Techniques -- 7.4.5 Modelling of Mullions on Tall Buildings -- 7.5 Measurement of Local Pressures -- 7.5.1 Single-Point Measurements -- 7.5.2 Measurement of Area-Averaged Pressures -- 7.5.3 Equivalent Time Averaging; 7.6 Modelling of Overall Loads and Response of Structures -- 7.6.1 Base-Pivoted Model Testing of Tall Buildings -- 7.6.2 The High-Frequency Base-Balance -- 7.6.3 Sectional and Taut Strip Models of Bridges -- 7.6.4 Multi-Mode Aeroelastic Modelling -- 7.6.5 Modelling of Tensioned and Pneumatic Structures -- 7.6.6 Aeroelastic Modelling of Chimneys -- 7.6.7 Distorted 'Dynamic' Models -- 7.6.8 Structural Loads Through Pressure Measurements -- 7.6.9 High-Frequency Pressure-Integration -- 7.7 Blockage Effects and Corrections -- 7.8 Modelling of Topography -- 7.9 Large-Scale and Specialist Test Facilities -- 7.10 Other Sources -- 7.11 Summary -- References -- 8 Low-Rise Buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Historical -- 8.2.1 Early Wind-Tunnel Studies -- 8.2.2 Full-Scale Studies -- 8.3 General Characteristics of Wind Loads On Low-Rise Buildings -- 8.3.1 Pressure Coefficients -- 8.3.2 Dependence of Pressure Coefficients -- 8.3.3 Flow Patterns and Mean Pressure Distributions -- 8.3.4 Fluctuating Pressures -- 8.4 Buildings with Pitched Roofs -- 8.4.1 Cladding Loads -- 8.4.2 Structural Loads and Equivalent Static Load Distributions -- 8.4.3 Hipped-Roof Buildings -- 8.4.4 Effect of Surrounding Buildings - Shelter and Interference -- 8.5 Multi-Span Buildings -- 8.6 Effects of Parapets on Low-Rise Buildings -- 8.7 Effect of Building Length -- 8.8 Internal Pressures -- 8.9 A Case Study - Optimum Shaping Of A Low-Rise Building -- 8.10 Wind-Tunnel Databases -- 8.11 Other Sources -- 8.12 Summary -- References -- 9 Tall Buildings -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Historical -- 9.3 Flow around Tall Buildings -- 9.4 Cladding Pressures -- 9.4.1 Pressure Coefficients -- 9.4.2 Pressure Distributions on Buildings of Rectangular Prismatic Shape -- 9.4.3 The Nature of Fluctuating Local Pressures and Probability Distributions; 9.4.4 Statistical Methods for Determination of Peak Local Pressures
N2  - This authoritative source for practising and academic sturctural engineers and graduate students ties the principles of wind loads on structures to meteorology, bluff-body aerodynamics, probability and statistics, and structural dynamics. It provides a broad view of codes and standards with information on global wind climates
UR  - https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/orpp/detail.action?docID=6373335
ER  -