Information Warfare in the Age of Cyber Conflict.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (271 pages)
- Routledge Studies in Conflict, Security and Technology Series .
- Routledge Studies in Conflict, Security and Technology Series .
Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Acronyms -- 1. Introduction -- Defining information warfare in the age of cyber conflict -- Information warfare's increasing pervasiveness and importance -- Plan of the book -- Notes -- Reference -- PART I: The nature, history and correlates of information warfare in the age of cyber conflict -- 2. The convergence of information warfare -- Computer subversion as information warfare -- IW in the niche of cyber war -- Implications of variance, non-lethality, ambiguity, and persistence -- Co-mingling IW elements -- The future of US information warfare -- Notes -- 3. A brief history of fake: Surveying Russian disinformation from the Russian Empire through the Cold War and to the present -- The Okhrana and the birth of modern active measures -- Early post-revolutionary disinformation and propaganda -- The post-war period and rise of modern active measures -- Building fake: ‡infektions and body parts -- Offensive information: defensive counter-information -- Notes -- 4. The ideological battlefield: China's approach to political warfare and propaganda in an age of cyber conflict -- The existential challenge and emerging opportunities -- Political warfare in current and historical perspective -- Information Operations in Chinese Military Strategy -- The "three warfares" in action -- Potential emerging techniques and capabilities -- Notes -- 5. Cyber conflict at the intersection of information operations: Cyber-enabled information operations, 2000& -- #x02013 -- 2016 -- Defining cyber-enabled information operations -- Information warfare -- The evolving understanding of cyber operations -- Cyber-enabled information operations -- Research design -- Findings and analysis -- Russia versus the World Anti-Doping Agency. Narrative -- Assessment -- The India& -- #x02013 -- Pakistan rivalry -- Narrative -- Assessment -- Case study summaries -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Part II: (Cyber-enabled) Information at war -- 6. Bear market? Grizzly steppe and the American marketplace of ideas -- The marketplace of ideas is really a marketplace of values -- Except that it ain't so: the marketplace of values -- What happened in 2016 -- The market is large and competition is fierce -- The importance of elite cues and the limits of credibility laundering -- Polarization blunts the impact of political messages -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 7. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare -- Introduction -- Commanding the trend in social media -- Trending social media -- Propaganda primer -- Social networks and social media -- Hijacking social media: the case of IS -- IS commanding the trend -- Russia: masters of manipulation -- #PrayforMizzou -- Influencing the 2016 Presidential Election -- The future of weaponized social media -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 8. Cyber by a different logic: Using an information warfare kill chain to understand cyber-enabled influence operations -- The rise of cyber-enabled information warfare -- The need to threat model information operations -- Defining interference in the digital age -- Threat modeling the attack surface of democracies: current scope and shortcomings -- An information warfare kill chain: assumptions and tactical realities -- Underlying assumptions -- Operationalizing distortion -- The information warfare kill chain -- Cyber operations and information operations in the 2010s -- Implications for defense and deterrence -- Notes -- 9. Cyber-enabled information warfare and influence operations: A revolution in technique? -- Human cognition: hot and cold approaches -- Hot cognition -- Cold cognition. Interaction of hot and cold cognition -- Cascading structures of cyberspace: from technology to information -- Information warfare/influence operation typologies -- Cognitive effects of information warfare/influence operations -- High connectivity and low cost -- Low information latency and multiple distribution points -- Disintermediation of information -- Containing the effects of information warfare/influence operations -- Disrupting information encoding -- Exploiting affective states -- Moving forward -- Notes -- References -- Part III: Building resilience: Questions of legality, diplomacy and society -- 10. Might or byte(s): On the safeguarding of democracy in the digital age -- Introduction -- The civil& -- #x02013 -- military problematique -- Altering the civil& -- #x02013 -- military problematique in the digital age -- Bringing in private actors: a digital age problematique and theory of civil& -- #x02013 -- military relations -- Empirics -- Theories of military effectiveness in democracies -- Explaining civil& -- #x02013 -- military& -- #x02013 -- society relations in the digital age with "civ& -- #x02013 -- mil" theory -- Constructing civil& -- #x02013 -- military research agendas for cyber conflict and information warfare -- Determining patterns of civil& -- #x02013 -- military& -- #x02013 -- society engagement -- Driving research questions -- Back to the future: remembering the role of information in civil& -- #x02013 -- military regimes -- Notes -- References -- 11. On the organization of the U.S. government for responding to adversarial information warfare and influence operations -- On the importance of information warfare and influence operations -- Cyber war, information warfare, and influence operations -- Future cyber-enabled capabilities for IW/IO -- Faked documents. Name-matched use of personal information obtained from multiple sources -- Exploitation of emotional state -- AI-driven chatbots indistinguishable from human beings -- Realistic video and audio forgeries -- Organizing the U.S. government to deal with information warfare and influence operations -- On the First Amendment: some constitutional constraints on government action -- U.S. government departments and agencies with some possible role in addressing adversary information warfare and influence operations -- The bad fit of U.S. government authorities for addressing adversary information warfare and influence operations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 12. Virtual disenfranchisement: Cyber election meddling in the grey zones of international law -- Introduction -- The context -- Breach of legal obligation -- Violation of sovereignty -- Intervention -- Due diligence -- Other breaches of international law -- Attribution -- Responses -- Reflections on the grey area -- Notes -- 13. Stigmatizing cyber and information warfare: Mission impossible? -- Introduction -- The cyber threat -- Understanding norms -- Constitutive and regulative norms -- Norm evolution: the norm life cycle -- Norm evolution theory for emerging technology weapons -- The case for norm evolution theory for emerging-technology weapons -- Stigma and its impact on norm evolution -- Stigma: the manifestation of a global prohibition -- How WMD became, and remain stigmatized: an overview of the process. -- Stigmatizing cyber warfare -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Notes -- PART IV: The fluid shape of modern information warfare -- 14. How deep the rabbit hole goes: Escalation, deterrence and the "deeper" challenges of information warfare in the age of the Internet -- How cyber-enabled information warfare might lead to conflict escalation -- Deterring cyber-enabled information warfare. Deterrence challenges in the digital age -- Differentiating deterrence of cyber conflict and information warfare -- Encouraging a stability& -- #x02013 -- instability paradox for information warfare -- Curiouser and curiouser: looking forward to AI-enabled information warfare -- Notes -- Index.
This book examines the shape, sources and dangers of information warfare (IW) as it pertains to military, diplomatic and civilian stakeholders.