TY  - BOOK
AU  - Ahmed,Kamran
AU  - Raison,Nicholas
AU  - Challacombe,Ben
AU  - Mottrie,Alexandre
AU  - Dasgupta,Prokar
TI  - The Management of Small Renal Masses: Diagnosis and Management
SN  - 9783319656571
AV  - RC870-923.2 
U1  - 616.9928 
PY  - 2017///
CY  - Cham
PB  - Springer International Publishing AG
KW  - Nervous system-Tumors-Management
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1: Renal Anatomy and Physiology -- 1.1  Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney -- 1.2  Renal Vasculature -- 1.3  Renal Lymphatics and Nervous Innervation -- 2: Introduction to T1 Renal Tumours and Prognostic Indicators -- 2.1  Epidemiology and Aetiology -- 2.2  Clinical Factors -- 2.3  Pathological Factors -- 2.4  Predictive Mathematical Models -- References -- 3: Diagnostic Modalities -- 3.1  Background -- 3.2  Computed Tomography -- 3.2.1  Enhancement -- 3.2.2  Macroscopic Fat -- 3.2.3  Growth Rate -- 3.2.4  Central Scar -- 3.3  CT of Small Cystic Renal Masses -- 3.4  Morphometric Scoring Systems -- 3.5  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 3.5.1  Protocol -- 3.5.2  Enhancement -- 3.5.3  Soft Tissue Characterisation -- 3.6  Ultrasound -- 3.7  Positron Emission Tomography -- 3.8  Imaging-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy -- References -- 4: The Role of Renal Biopsy -- 4.1  Introduction -- 4.2  Indications and Role of Renal Tumour Biopsies -- 4.3  Penetrance of RTB in Daily Practice -- 4.4  Technical Considerations -- 4.4.1  Fine-Needle Aspiration Versus Needle Core Biopsies -- 4.4.2  Image Guidance -- 4.4.3  Needle Size -- 4.4.4  Number of Cores -- 4.5  Diagnostic Accuracy -- 4.5.1  Diagnostic Yield -- 4.5.2  Diagnostic Accuracy for Malignancy -- 4.5.3  Histologic Accuracy -- 4.5.4  Grade Accuracy -- 4.5.5  Predictors of a Diagnostic Biopsies -- 4.5.5.1  Tumour Size -- 4.5.5.2  Lesion Location -- 4.5.5.3  Solid Versus Cystic Components -- 4.5.5.4  Patient Characteristics -- 4.6  Impact on Clinical Management -- 4.7  Complications -- 4.8  Cost-Effectiveness -- 4.9  Limitations -- 4.10  Future Role -- References -- 5: The Role of Active Surveillance for Small Renal Masses -- 5.1  Introduction -- 5.2  Natural History of Small Renal Tumours -- 5.3  Natural History of cT1b-cT2 Renal Tumours; 5.4  Role and Modalities of Active Surveillance of Small Renal Tumours -- 5.5  The Role of Percutaneous Biopsy in the Management of Small Renal Masses -- References -- 6: Image-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Small Renal Masses -- 6.1  Introduction -- 6.2  Management Guidelines for RFA -- 6.3  Support/Results -- 6.4  Principles of Radiofrequency Ablation -- 6.4.1  Mechanism of Action -- 6.4.2  Effect of Tumour Size and Location -- 6.4.3  Advances: Real-Time Temperature Monitoring -- 6.4.4  Not All RF Probes Are the Same -- 6.4.5  Contraindications -- 6.5  Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation -- 6.5.1  CT-RFA -- 6.5.2  MRI-RFA -- 6.5.3  Cone-Beam CT -- 6.5.4  Electromagnetic Navigation -- 6.5.5  Ultrasound CT Fusion -- 6.5.6  Camera Feedback -- 6.5.7  Robot-Guided Ablation -- 6.5.8  Laser-Guided Ablation -- 6.6  Laparoscopic RFA -- 6.7  Complications of RFA -- 6.8  Post-procedural Follow-Up -- 6.9  Long-Term Follow-Up -- 6.10  Other Ablative Techniques -- 6.10.1  Cryotherapy -- 6.10.2  Microwave Ablation -- 6.10.3  Irreversible Electroporation -- References -- 7: Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Cryoablation of Small Renal Masses -- 7.1  Introduction -- 7.1.1  Methods -- 7.2  Patient Selection -- 7.3  Technical Selection -- 7.4  Procedural or Technical Success and Initial Failures -- 7.5  Perioperative Complications -- 7.6  Oncological Outcomes (Recurrence and Survival) -- 7.6.1  Short Term -- 7.6.2  Long Term -- 7.7  Predictive Factors for Complications and Recurrence -- 7.7.1  For Complications -- 7.7.2  For Oncological Outcomes -- 7.8  Renal Function Outcomes -- References -- 8: Open Partial Nephrectomy -- 8.1  Introduction -- 8.1.1  Oncological Outcomes -- 8.1.2  Functional Outcome -- 8.2  Technical Considerations -- 8.2.1  Indications -- 8.2.2  Renal Ischaemia -- 8.2.3  Cell Saver -- 8.2.4  Access -- 8.2.5  Drain, Stent and Renorrhaphy; References -- 9: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy -- 9.1  Introduction -- 9.2  Indications and Contraindications -- 9.3  Preoperative Evaluation -- 9.4  Operating Room Preparation and Configuration -- 9.5  Patient Positioning -- 9.6  Trocar Placement -- 9.7  Transperitoneal Approach -- 9.7.1  Off-Clamp (Zero Ischaemia) Technique -- 9.7.2  Selective Arterial Clamping -- 9.8  Retroperitoneal Approach -- 9.9  Postoperative Management -- 9.10  Surgical Complications -- 9.11  Oncologic Outcomes -- References -- 10: Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy -- 10.1  Introduction -- 10.2  Surgical Technique -- 10.2.1  Conventional Multiport vs. Single-Site Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy -- 10.2.2  Transperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal Approach -- 10.2.3  Hilar Control -- 10.2.4  Tumour Identification and Excision -- 10.2.5  Renorrhaphy -- 10.3  Results -- References -- 11: Other Minimally Invasive Approaches (LESS and NOTES) -- 11.1  Introduction -- 11.2  Laparo-endoscopic Single- Site Surgery -- 11.2.1  Definition and Nomenclature -- 11.2.2  History and Evolution -- 11.3  LESS Scopes, Instruments and Equipment -- 11.3.1  Access Devices -- 11.3.2  Instruments -- 11.3.3  Optics -- 11.4  Laparo-endoscopic Single- Site Radical Nephrectomy -- 11.5  Laparo-endoscopic Single- Site Partial Nephrectomy -- 11.6  Drawbacks of LESS -- 11.7  Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery -- 11.7.1  Definitions and Nomenclature -- 11.7.2  History and Evolution -- 11.8  Transluminal Approaches and Procedures -- 11.8.1  Principle of Surgical Steps in NOTES -- 11.8.2  Transgastric -- 11.8.3  Transcolonic -- 11.8.4  Transvaginal -- 11.8.5  Transvesical -- 11.9  NOTES Scopes, Instruments and Equipment -- 11.10  Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Nephrectomy -- 11.11  Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Partial Nephrectomy and Nephron-­Sparing Surgery -- References; 12: Training and Simulation in the Management of Small Renal Masses -- 12.1  Introduction -- 12.2  Workplace-Based Training -- 12.2.1  Observership -- 12.2.2  e-Learning -- 12.2.3  Mentorship -- 12.2.4  Fellowships -- 12.2.5  Telementoring -- 12.2.6  Modular Training -- 12.2.7  Proctorship -- 12.3  Simulation-Based Training -- 12.3.1  Basic Laparoscopic Skills Acquisition -- 12.3.2  Laparoscopic VR Simulators for LPN -- 12.3.3  Basic Robotic Skills Acquisition -- 12.3.4  Robotic Simulators for RAPN -- 12.3.5  Synthetic (Bench) Models -- 12.3.6  Animal Models -- 12.3.7  Human Cadavers -- 12.3.8  Non-technical Skills Simulation -- References -- 13: The Future of Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy -- 13.1  Introduction -- 13.2  Clamping: Variations on a Theme -- 13.2.1  Off-Clamp Partial Nephrectomy -- 13.2.2  Early Unclamping -- 13.3  Fluorescence Image-Guided Robotic Surgery and Selective Arterial Clamping -- 13.3.1  Selective Arterial Clamping Using NIRF -- 13.3.2  Using NIRF to Identify Renal Tumour Margins -- 13.4  Image-Guided Surgery -- 13.5  Renal Hypothermia/Cooling -- 13.6  Laser Technology -- 13.7  Developments in Robotic Technology -- References -- 14: Challenging Situations in Robotic Partial Nephrectomy -- 14.1  Introduction -- 14.2  Prior Abdominal Surgery -- 14.3  The Horseshoe Kidney -- 14.4  Single Functioning Kidney -- 14.5  Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome -- 14.6  Ectopic Pelvic Kidneys -- References -- 15: Complications and Their Management -- 15.1  Introduction -- 15.2  Positioning Injuries -- 15.3  Renal Vascular Complications -- 15.3.1  Haematoma -- 15.3.2  Bleeding -- 15.3.3  Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula -- 15.3.4  Infarction -- 15.4  Collecting System Complications -- 15.5  Injury to Abdominal Structures -- 15.5.1  Hepatobiliary -- 15.5.2  Spleen -- 15.5.3  Bowel -- 15.5.4  Pancreas -- 15.5.5  Vascular; 15.5.6  Diaphragm -- 15.6  Acute Renal Insufficiency -- References -- Index
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