Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment Systems : Fundamentals and a Guide to Experimental Research.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (399 pages)
Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: A guide book to studying the fate and effect of hazardous pollutants in biological treatment systems -- 1.1 Hazardous Pollutants and Biological Removal -- 1.1.1 Emerging need to control hazardous pollutants -- 1.1.2 Challenges in removal of hazardous pollutants -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Content of the Book -- 1.4 Targeted Readership -- 1.5 Suggestions for the Reader -- 1.6 References -- Chapter 2: Hazardous pollutants in the water environment -- 2.1 What Makes A Pollutant "Hazardous" in the Water Environment? -- 2.2 Properties of Hazardous Pollutants -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical properties -- 2.2.2 Toxicity hazard -- 2.2.3 Exposure hazard -- 2.2.4 Tools for estimating the physicochemical properties, exposure and toxicity hazard of pollutants -- 2.3 Origins and Occurrence of Hazardous Pollutants in Water Environment -- 2.3.1 Persistent organic pollutants -- 2.3.2 Pesticides -- 2.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 2.4 Regulatory Frameworks -- 2.4.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of the United States -- 2.4.2 Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP) of Canada -- 2.4.3 Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) of the European Union -- 2.5 Selected Groups of Hazardous Pollutants -- 2.6 References -- Chapter 3: Quantification of hazardous pollutants in biological systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Environmental quantitative analysis -- 3.1.2 Hazardous pollutants in biological systems -- 3.2 Environmental Analysis for Biological Systems -- 3.2.1 Good laboratory practices -- 3.2.2 Sampling -- 3.2.3 Sample preparation -- 3.2.4 Quantification -- 3.3 Quantification of Hazardous Pollutants -- 3.3.1 Perfluorinated compounds -- 3.3.1.1 Sample preparation for perfluorinated compounds. 3.3.1.2 Instrumental determination of perfluorinated compounds -- 3.3.2 Polybrominated diphenylethers -- 3.3.2.1 Sample preparation for polybrominated diphenylethers -- 3.3.2.2 Instrumental determination of polybrominated diphenylethers -- 3.3.3 Polychlorinated compounds -- 3.3.3.1 Sample preparation for polychlorinated compounds -- 3.3.3.2 Instrumental determination of polychlorinated compounds -- 3.3.4 Alkyl phenols -- 3.3.4.1 Sample preparation for alkyl phenols -- 3.3.4.2 Instrumental determination of alkyl phenols -- 3.3.5 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 3.3.5.1 Sample preparation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 3.3.5.2 Instrumental determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 3.3.6 Estrogens -- 3.3.6.1 Sample preparation for estrogens -- 3.3.6.2 Instrumental determination of estrogens -- 3.3.7 Disinfection by-products -- 3.3.7.1 Sample preparation for disinfection by-products -- 3.3.7.2 Instrumental determination of disinfection by-products -- 3.3.8 Nanomaterials -- 3.3.8.1 Sample preparation for nanomaterials -- 3.3.8.2 Instrumental determination of nanomaterials -- 3.3.9 Metals -- 3.3.9.1 Sample preparation for metals -- 3.3.9.2 Instrumental determination of metals -- 3.3.10 Pathogens -- 3.3.10.1 Sample preparation for pathogens -- 3.3.10.2 Instrumental determination of pathogens -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 3.5 Acknowledgements -- 3.6 References -- Chapter 4: Removal and behavior of hazardous pollutants in biological treatment systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Importance of Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment -- 4.3 Hazardous Organic Pollutants: Basic Removal Mechanisms -- 4.3.1 Biodegradation and biotransformation -- 4.3.1.1 Primary, acceptable and ultimate biodegradation -- 4.3.1.2 Effect of substrate properties on biodegradation. 4.3.1.3 Hazardous organics: Elimination as primary, secondary or cometabolic substrates -- Direct metabolism: Use of a pollutant as a primary substrate -- Use of a pollutant as a secondary substrate -- Use of a pollutant as a cometabolic substrate -- Removal by direct metabolism or cometabolism? -- Comparison of removal as a secondary and cometabolic substrate -- 4.3.2 Removal of hazardous organic pollutants by biosorption -- 4.3.2.1 Relative rates of biosorption and biodegradation -- 4.3.2.2 Expression of biosorption -- 4.3.2.3 Importance of speciation in sorption of hazardous organics -- 4.3.2.4 Impact of sorption on biodegradation -- 4.3.2.5 Sorption of hazardous organics to different solids -- 4.3.2.6 Fate of hazardous organics in anaerobic sludge digestion -- 4.3.3 Other abiotic mechanisms leading to removal of hazardous organics -- 4.4 Impact of Process Configuration on Removal of Hazardous Organics -- 4.4.1 Biomass configuration: suspended- versus attached-growth (biofilm) operation -- 4.4.2 Importance of hydraulic regime in bioreactors -- 4.4.3 Impact of different treatment units -- 4.4.4 Conventional biological treatment and Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) -- 4.4.5 Combination of biological treatment with advanced physicochemical treatment -- 4.4.5.1 Combination of biological treatment with activated carbon adsorption -- 4.4.5.2 Combination of biological treatment with oxidative treatment -- 4.5 Hazardous Pollutants and their Inhibitory Effects -- 4.5.1 Brief review of inhibition -- 4.5.2 Inhibition models -- 4.5.2.1 Competitive inhibition -- 4.5.2.2 Uncompetitive inhibition -- 4.5.2.3 Mixed inhibition -- 4.5.2.4 Non-competitive inhibition -- 4.5.2.5 Substrate inhibition -- 4.5.2.6 Product inhibition -- 4.6 Impact of Nitrification on Removal of Hazardous Organics by Cometabolism -- 4.6.1 Role of nitrifiers in cometabolism. 4.6.2 Occurrence of cometabolism in nitrifying sludges -- 4.6.3 Factors affecting cometabolic removal of hazardous organics in nitrification -- 4.7 Impact of Redox Conditions on Biodegradation of Hazardous Organic Pollutants -- 4.7.1 Expression of biodegradation rates -- 4.7.2 Biodegradation rates at different redox conditions -- 4.8 Brief Look at Modeling of Hazardous Organics Removal -- 4.8.1 Basic mass balance describing removal of pollutants -- 4.8.2 Extension of biodegradation models to include hazardous organics -- 4.9 Behavior of Hazardous Inorganic Pollutants -- 4.9.1 Metals in biological treatment systems -- 4.9.1.1 Speciation of metals -- 4.9.1.2 Consequences of metal speciation for biological treatment -- 4.9.1.3 Biotransformation of metals -- 4.9.1.4 Biosorption of metals -- 4.9.1.5 Inhibitory effects of metals on biological treatment -- 4.9.1.6 Nanometals in biological treatment: Speciation, fate and effects -- 4.9.2 Hazardous ions in biological treatment -- 4.10 References -- Chapter 5: Experimental assessment of the inhibitory effect and biodegradation of hazardous pollutants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Deciding on Experimental Systems -- 5.2.1 Closed versus open bioreactors -- 5.2.2 Batch versus continuous-flow bioreactors -- 5.2.3 Suspend- edversus attached-growth (biofilm) reactors -- 5.2.4 Evaluation of abiotic removal -- 5.3 Inhibition Experiments -- 5.3.1 Why do we need inhibition tests? -- 5.3.2 Strategies for the design of inhibition experiments -- 5.3.3 Monitoring methods in inhibition experiments -- 5.3.3.1 Utilization of terminal electron acceptor -- 5.3.3.2 Product formation -- 5.3.3.3 Degradation of growth-substrate -- 5.3.3.4 Degradation of inhibitory and biodegradable pollutants -- 5.3.3.5 Enzyme activity -- 5.3.3.6 Bacterial luminescence -- 5.3.3.7 Response of microbial population to an inhibitor. 5.3.4 Inhibition kinetics and data analysis -- 5.3.4.1 Estimation of the kinetic parameters in degradation of growth-substrate -- 5.3.4.2 Determination of inhibition kinetics and inhibition type -- 5.3.5 Critical appraisal of standard inhibition tests and suggestions -- 5.4 Biodegradation Experiments -- 5.4.1 Why do we need biodegradation experiments? -- 5.4.2 Types of biodegradation experiments -- 5.4.3 Prior information on biodegradability of a test substance -- 5.4.4 Screening (ready biodegradability) tests -- 5.4.4.1 Aerobic biodegradability of a test substance -- 5.4.4.2 Anoxic biodegradability of a test substance -- 5.4.4.3 Anaerobic biodegradability of a test substance -- 5.4.4.4 Shortcomings of screening (ready biodegradability) tests -- Factors related with inoculum properties -- Factors related with substrate properties -- 5.4.5 Inherent biodegradability tests -- 5.4.6 Simulation tests -- 5.4.6.1 Simulation tests in suspended-growth systems -- 5.4.6.2 Simulation tests in attached-growth (biofilm) systems -- 5.5 References -- Chapter 6: Removal of hazardous pollutants in full-scale wastewater treatment plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- 6.2.1 Estrogens and other endocrine disrupting compounds -- 6.2.2 Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance -- 6.2.3 Antimicrobial agents and sunscreens -- 6.3 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 6.4 Agricultural Pollutants -- 6.5 Surfactants -- 6.6 Others -- 6.7 References -- Chapter 7: Integrating microbial and molecular tools to determine the fate and impact of hazardous pollutants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Identification of the "Degrader" -- 7.2.1 Culture-dependent methods -- 7.2.1.1 Enrichment and isolation -- 7.2.1.2 iChip -- 7.2.1.3 Phylogenetic classification of the degrader isolates -- 7.2.2 Culture-independent methods -- 7.2.2.1 Stable isotope probing (SIP). 7.2.2.2 Isotope microarray.