Measuring Women's Political Empowerment Across the Globe : Strategies, Challenges and Future Research.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (307 pages)
- Gender and Politics Series .
- Gender and Politics Series .
Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Measuring Women's Political Empowerment Across the Globe: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Research -- What Is Women's Global Political Empowerment? -- Building a Critical Framework: Three Categories of Politically Empowered Actors -- Elite Inclusion and Authority -- Elite-Challenging Action -- Empowered as Citizens: Formal Channels of Influence -- Women's Global Political Empowerment as a Social Process -- Embedding Women as a Group in Existing Institutions -- Diversity and Social Processes Within the Category "Women" -- Challenges in Measuring Women's Global Political Empowerment -- Book Overview -- Looking Forward -- References -- Chapter 2: Women's Political Empowerment Through Public Opinion Research: The Citizen Perspective -- Introduction -- Mainstream Channels of Influence -- Activist Channels of Influence -- Attitudes Towards Women's Political Empowerment -- Generational Differences and Changes Over Time in Gender Gaps -- Generational Differences and Changing Gender Gaps Across Countries -- Data and Measurements -- Mainstream Channels -- Activist Channels -- Attitudes Towards Women's Political Empowerment -- Gender Gaps by Birth Cohorts -- Cross-National Differences: The Impact of Societal Modernization and Cultural Change -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 3: The Status of Women's Political Empowerment Worldwide -- Introduction -- Traditional Measurements -- Factors Affecting Women's Political Empowerment -- An Index for Women's Political Empowerment: Model Justification and Goals -- Data Description and Overview -- Methodology of the Index -- Results and Analysis -- Suitability -- Index Composition and Interpretation -- Country WPE Index Output -- Conclusions -- References. Chapter 4: Intersectionality and Women's Political Empowerment Worldwide -- A Brief Introduction to Intersectionality -- Intersectionality Changes the Way We Ask Questions About Women's Political Empowerment -- Intersectionality Changes How We Answer Our Questions -- Intersectionality Changes the Way We Do Empirical Research -- Measuring Difference and Complexity: The Problem of Using Demographics to Measure Identities -- Measuring Multiple Axes at Once: The Problem of Too Few Cases -- Measuring Power Relations in the Social Structure -- We Are at the Beginning -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Social Movements as Women's Political Empowerment: The Case for Measurement -- Introduction -- Women's Movements and Qualitative Studies -- Women's Movements and Quantitative Studies -- Moving Forward -- References -- Chapter 6: Women's Empowerment at the Local Level -- Comparative Research on Women in Politics: A Blind Spot at the Local Level -- Current Knowledge on Women's Representation in Local Politics -- Collecting Comparative Data on Women in Local Councils -- Describing Within-Country Variation -- Expanding Knowledge on Women's Empowerment -- A Fine-Grained Analysis of the European Regions -- Shadowy Arrangements that May Hinder Women to Step Forward -- Developing the Field Further -- References -- Chapter 7: Electing Women to National Legislatures -- Global Patterns in Women's Election to National Parliaments -- Explaining Numeric Representation: Beyond Assets and Capabilities -- Women and the Pipeline to Legislative Office -- Institutional and Organizational Barriers -- Gendered Barriers to Office and the Ambition Deficit -- Intersectionality and Access to Office -- Female Legislators: Assets and Capabilities -- Gender Quotas as Empowerment: Electing Women, Symbolizing Inclusion. Quotas as a Tool for Achieving Women's Political Empowerment -- Quotas as an Achievement in Women's Political Empowerment -- Concluding Thoughts, Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Legislatures as Gendered Organizations: Challenges and Opportunities for Women's Empowerment as Political Elites -- Theories of Gender in Political Institutions -- Narrowing the Scope: Legislative Committees -- Expanding the Scope: Comparative Approaches to Gender and Legislative Committees -- Conclusion: Legislative Committees and Women's Political Empowerment -- References -- Chapter 9: The Empowerment of Women in Diplomacy -- The Many Faces of Diplomacy -- Towards Women's Empowerment in Diplomacy -- Diplomatic History -- Case Studies of Individual Foreign Offices -- Towards Theory, Explanation, and Comparison -- Diplomatic Women in Numbers -- Women and Diplomacy: Cross-National Data Collection -- Concluding Discussion: Current Gaps and Future Research -- References -- Chapter 10: Measuring Women's Judicial Empowerment as Part of Political Empowerment -- What Aspects of Women's Judicial Empowerment Should We Measure? -- Why Is This Area of Research on Women Judges Important in Moving Our Understanding of Women's Political Empowerment Forward? -- Case Studies: Egypt, Kenya, and Louisiana -- Egypt -- State of Louisiana, United States -- Kenya -- Existing Areas of Strength or Weakness in This Subfield -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Women Cabinet Ministers in Highly Visible Posts and Empowerment of Women: Are the Two Related? -- Women in Cabinets-How Many and in What Posts -- Expectations About Representation of Women in Government and Women's Empowerment -- Analysis and Findings -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Findings: Predicted Probabilities and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 12: Women Heads of State and Government -- Introduction. The Importance of Integrating Women Presidents and Prime Ministers -- The State of the Literature -- My Contributions to the Literature -- Measuring Women's Global Political Empowerment Through Executive Office Holding -- Case Selection -- Where Women Have Led -- Numbers of Women Executives Over Time: 1960-2017 -- Women Presidents and Prime Ministers Currently in Power -- Analyzing Paths and Positions -- Measuring Women's Political Empowerment in the Larger Society -- Empowerment Through Policy Making -- Empowerment Through Appointment -- Empowerment Through Symbolizing -- Future Research on Women Executives -- Developing Theory on Executive Effects -- Gender Discrimination and Stereotypes -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Conclusions and Further Directions -- References -- Index.