Animal Models and Human Reproduction.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (611 pages)
Animal Models and Human Reproduction -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1: Anatomy of the Reproductive System -- 1.1 Male Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals -- 1.1.1 The Testicle -- 1.1.2 The Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, and Spermatic Cord -- 1.1.3 The Descent of the Testicle -- 1.1.4 The Tunics of the Spermatic Cord and the Testicle -- 1.1.5 The Accessory Genital Glands -- 1.1.6 The Penis and the Prepuce -- 1.2 Female Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals -- 1.2.1 The Ovary -- 1.2.2 The Uterine Tube: Salpinx, Fallopian Tube -- 1.2.3 The Uterus -- 1.2.4 The Vagina and the Vestibule -- 1.2.5 The Vulva and the Clitoris -- 1.2.6 The Mammary Gland -- 1.3 The Genital System in Domestic Mammals Species by Species -- 1.3.1 The Genital System in the Carnivores: Cat and Dog (Constantinescu, 2002) -- 1.3.2 The Genital System in the Pig -- 1.3.3 The Genital System in the Ruminants (Constantinescu, 2001, 2004a) -- 1.3.4 The Genital System in the Horse -- 1.4 Genital Organs in Laboratory Mammals -- 1.4.1 The Genital System in the Rabbit (Barone et al., 1973 -- Barone, 1978 -- Constantinescu, 2004b) -- 1.4.2 The Genital System in the Mouse (Constantinescu, 2006) -- 1.4.3 The Genital System in the Rat (Constantinescu, 2007) -- 1.4.4 The Mammary Glands in Laboratory Animals (Figures 1.68-1.70) -- 1.4.5 The Genital System in the Xenopus laevis: African Clawed Frog (Constantinescu, 2005a) -- 1.4.6 The Genital System in the Brachidanio rerio (Zebrafish) (Constantinescu, 2005b) -- References -- 2: Anatomy of Mammalian (Endocrine) Glands Controlling the Reproduction -- 2.1 The Hypothalamus Including the Hypophysis (Figures 2.1 and 2.2) -- 2.2 The Cerebral Epiphysis (see Figure 2.1) -- 2.3 The Thyroid Gland (Figure 2.3) -- 2.4 The Adrenal Glands (Figure 2.4) -- 2.5 The Sexual Glands -- 2.6 The Liver -- References -- 3: Models for Investigating Placental Biology. 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of Placenta -- 3.3 Development of Human Placenta -- 3.3.1 Trophoblast Subtypes and Development of Functional Placenta -- 3.3.2 Placental Development -- 3.3.3 Development of Fetal Membranes -- 3.4 Modeling Placental Development and Diseases of Placental Origin -- 3.4.1 In Vitro Cell Models -- 3.4.2 Animal Models -- 3.4.3 Alternative Animal Models -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4: Early Developmental Programming of the Ovarian Reserve, Ovarian Function, and Fertility -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Oogonia (Germ Cells) -- 4.2.1 Farm Animal Models -- 4.3 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Follicle/Oocyte Numbers (Healthy versus Atretic) and Oocyte Quality -- 4.3.1 Farm Animal Models -- 4.3.2 Humans/Primates -- 4.4 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on the Ovarian Reserve (Total Number of Morphologically Healthy Follicles/Oocytes in Ovaries) in Offspring -- 4.4.1 Farm Animal Models -- 4.4.2 Rodent Models -- 4.4.3 Humans/Primates -- 4.5 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Ovarian Function (e.g., Pituitary Gonadotropin Secretion, Ovarian Hormone/Growth Factor Production, Response to Gonadotropins, Follicle Development, Irregular Reproductive Cycles, and Ovulation Rate) in Offspring -- 4.5.1 Farm Animal Models -- 4.5.2 Rodent Models -- 4.5.3 Humans/Primates -- 4.6 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fertility (as Measured by Conception Rates, Fecundity, or Age at Puberty or Menopause) in Offspring -- 4.6.1 Farm Animal Models -- 4.6.2 Rodent Models -- 4.6.3 Humans/Primates -- 4.7 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 5: Small Non-Coding RNAS in Gametogenesis -- 5.1 Small Non-Coding RNAs -- 5.2 Function of sncRNAs in Gametogenesis -- 5.2.1 miRNAs Biogenesis -- 5.2.2 Function of miRNAs in the Process of Spermatogenesis. 5.2.3 endo-siRNAs Biogenesis -- 5.2.4 endo-siRNAs in the Process of Spermatogenesis -- 5.2.5 pi-RNAs Biogenesis -- 5.2.6 Role of piRNAs in Male Germ Cell Development -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6: The Ovarian Follicle of Cows as a Model for Human -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Why We Know More About Cow Than Human Reproduction -- 6.2 A Similar Physiology of Folliculogenesis -- 6.2.1 Basic Physiology of Reproduction -- 6.2.2 Time from Primordial Follicle to Ovulation -- 6.2.3 Follicular Waves -- 6.2.4 Characteristics of the Dominant Follicle -- 6.3 Assisted Reproduction -- 6.3.1 Response to Ovarian Stimulation -- 6.3.2 Response to FSH Coasting -- 6.3.3 Response to IVM -- 6.3.4 Biomarker Analysis -- 6.4 Testing the Competence Hypothesis -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Production of Energy and Determination of Competence: Past Knowledge, Present Research, and Future Opportunities in Oocyte and Embryo Metabolism -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Measuring Metabolism -- 7.2.1 Approaches -- 7.2.2 Limitations -- 7.3 The Relationship Between Oocyte Metabolism and Quality -- 7.3.1 Energy Substrates During Oocyte Maturation -- 7.3.2 Oocyte Metabolic Pathways -- 7.3.3 Oocyte Metabolism of Fatty Acids -- 7.4 Embryo Metabolism -- 7.4.1 Precompaction: More Than Just Pyruvate -- 7.4.2 Postcompaction: More Than Just Glucose -- 7.4.3 Lactate: The Other Carbohydrate -- 7.4.4 Noncarbohydrates -- 7.5 Metabolic Biomarkers -- 7.5.1 The Oocyte -- 7.5.2 The Embryo -- 7.6 Toward Personalized Culture Media: Formulating Media for Specific Maternal Conditions -- 7.6.1 Maternal Impact on Embryo Development -- 7.6.2 Impaired Embryo Metabolism -- 7.6.3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.6.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8: Signal Transduction Pathways in Oocyte Maturation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Oocyte Maturation. 8.1.2 Oocyte Nuclear Maturation -- 8.1.3 Cumulus Cell Expansion -- 8.1.4 The Impact of FSH During In Vitro Maturation -- 8.2 Phosphodiesterase -- 8.2.1 Overview -- 8.2.2 Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling -- 8.2.3 Phosphodiesterase Superfamily -- 8.2.4 Oocyte Meiosis and cAMP -- 8.2.5 PDE3A -- 8.2.6 PDE8A -- 8.2.7 Cyclic GMP and PDE5/6 -- 8.2.8 Cellular Compartmentalization of Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling -- 8.2.9 C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) and cGMP -- 8.3 Gap Junction Communications -- 8.3.1 Connexin, Connexon, and Gap Junctions -- 8.3.2 Gap Junction Communications and Oocyte Maturation -- 8.4 Metabolic Switch (AMPK) -- 8.4.1 Overview -- 8.4.2 Structure and Regulation of AMPK -- 8.4.3 Activators of AMPK -- 8.4.4 Downstream Targets of AMPK -- 8.4.5 AMPK in Reproductive Function -- 8.4.6 AMPK in Oocyte Function -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Pig Models of Reproduction -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Early Embryonic Development -- 9.3 Oocyte Maturation -- 9.4 Fertilization -- 9.5 Tubouterine Contractility -- 9.6 Development to the Blastocyst Stage -- 9.7 Pregnancy and Developmental Programming -- 9.8 Puberty -- 9.9 Reproductive Disease -- 9.10 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10: The Mare as an Animal Model for Reproductive Aging in the Woman -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Cycles -- 10.2.1 Ovarian Reserve -- 10.2.2 Assessment of Antral Follicles -- 10.2.3 Reproductive Cycles -- 10.2.4 Reproductive Senescence -- 10.3 The Follicle -- 10.3.1 Follicle Growth and Selection -- 10.3.2 Follicular Environment -- 10.4 Fertility -- 10.4.1 Natural Decline in Fertility with Aging -- 10.4.2 Assisted Reproductive Procedures -- 10.4.3 Maternal Age and Pregnancy Failure -- 10.5 The Oocyte -- 10.5.1 Oocyte Donation -- 10.5.2 Oocyte Morphology and Viability -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References. 11: Spotlight on Reproduction in Domestic Dogs as a Model for Human Reproduction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Scope of the Chapter -- 11.1.2 Dog's Importance to Modern Human Society -- 11.1.3 Dog Taxonomy -- 11.1.4 Dog Origin -- 11.1.5 Dog Breeds -- 11.1.6 Dog Genome -- 11.1.7 Dog as a Model for Human Genetic Disorders -- 11.1.8 Dog Life Span -- 11.2 Dog Reproduction -- 11.2.1 Dog Onset of Puberty -- 11.2.2 Dog Fertility -- 11.2.3 Reproductive Anatomy of the Male Dog -- 11.2.4 Reproductive Physiology of the Male Dog -- 11.2.5 Reproductive Anatomy of the Female Dog -- 11.2.6 Reproductive Physiology of the Female Dog -- 11.2.7 Dog Fertilization -- 11.2.8 Dog Pregnancy, Development and Birth -- 11.3 Dog-Assisted Reproductive Technology -- 11.3.1 Artificial Insemination -- 11.3.2 Superovulation -- 11.3.3 Oocyte In Vitro Maturation -- 11.3.4 In Vitro Fertilization -- 11.3.5 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection -- 11.3.6 Embryo Transfer -- 11.3.7 Cryopreservation -- 11.3.8 Sperm Sexing -- 11.3.9 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Dogs -- 11.3.10 Dog Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 11.3.11 Genetically Modified Dogs -- 11.4 Dog Contraception -- 11.5 The Dog as a Model for Human Reproduction -- 11.5.1 Disorders of Sexual Development -- 11.5.2 Cancer -- 11.5.3 Obesity -- 11.5.4 Dog Infertility -- 11.5.5 Aneuploidy -- 11.6 Concluding Statements -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12: Animal Models of Inflammation During Pregnancy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Local Inflammation of the Pregnant Female Reproductive Tract -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 In Utero Inflammation and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes -- 12.2.3 Ascending Infections and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes -- 12.3 Systemic Inflammation During Pregnancy -- 12.3.1 Introduction -- 12.3.2 Systemic Viral or Bacterial Infection -- 12.3.3 Maternal Stress: Chronic Sterile Inflammation. 12.3.4 Preeclampsia-Related Inflammation Models.