TY - BOOK AU - Bertoldo,Francesco AU - Boccardo,Francesco AU - Bombardieri,Emilio AU - Evangelista,Laura AU - Valdagni,Riccardo TI - Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Biology, Diagnosis and Management SN - 9783319423272 AV - RC254-282 U1 - 616.07 PY - 2016/// CY - Cham PB - Springer International Publishing AG KW - Pathology KW - Electronic books N1 - Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Biology and Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer -- 1.1 Distribution and Preferential Site of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Patients -- 1.2 Pathology of Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 1.3 Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis -- 1.3.1 Pathophysiological Heterogeneity -- 1.3.2 The Role of Osteoclasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.3 The Role of Osteoblasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.4 Endothelin-1 -- 1.3.5 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- 1.3.6 Wnt/DKK-1 Pathway -- 1.3.7 VEGF -- 1.3.8 Role of Mineralised Bone Matrix Resorption in the Vicious Cycle of Lytic Metastasis -- 1.3.9 TGFβ -- 1.3.10 IGF-1 -- References -- 2: Markers of Bone Turnover in Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 2.1 New Bone Markers -- 2.1.1 ICTP -- 2.2 Periostin -- 2.3 Bone Sialoprotein and Osteopontin -- 2.4 Sclerostin and DKK-1 -- 2.5 Other Emerging Markers of Bone Metastatic Disease from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 3: Bone Homing and Metastasis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Homing of PCa Cells to the Bone: The Role of Cellular Plasticity -- 3.3 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Bone Homing -- 3.4 The Role of Chemokines and Their Receptors -- 3.5 The Role of MicroRNAs -- 3.6 The Role of Other Molecules and Signaling Pathways -- References -- 4: Markers of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Circulating Tumor Markers in the Management of Bone Metastases -- 4.1 Contemporary Notion of "Tumor Marker" -- 4.2 Prostate-Specific Antigen: A Singular Tumor Marker -- 4.3 Clinical Settings in Which PSA May Be Used in the Decision Process -- 4.4 The Position of Clinical Practice Guidelines -- 4.5 PSA as Risk Predictor in Newly Diagnosed Patients Before Any Therapeutic Intervention; 4.6 PSA for the Detection of Recurrence and Assessment of Adverse Outcomes After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.6.1 PSA as Indicator of Biochemical Recurrence -- 4.6.2 PSA as Risk Predictor of Clinical Progression and Adverse Outcome After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.7 PSA as a Test to Monitor Response to Treatment of Bone Metastases -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Metastatic Prostate Cancer (mPCa) -- 5.1 CTCs as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker -- 5.2 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Planning PCa Prevention Strategies? -- 5.3 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Choosing the Treatment of mPCa? -- 5.4 CTC Detection Methods: Looking to Consensus Criteria -- 5.5 Molecular Characterization of CTCs in mPCa -- References -- 6: Nuclear Medicine Modalities to Image Bone Metastases with Bone-Targeting Agents: Conventional Scintigraphy and Positron-Emission Tomography -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conventional Radionuclide Imaging -- 6.2.1 99mTc-Bisphosphonate Planar Scintigraphy -- 6.2.2 Bone Scan Index -- 6.2.3 99mTc-Bisphosphonate SPECT and SPECT/CT -- 6.3 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.4 Conventional Bone Scintigraphy Versus 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.5 Single Combined 18F-FDG/18F-NaF PET/CT -- References -- 7: Detection of Bone Metastases and Evaluation of Therapy Response in Prostate Cancer Patients by Radiolabelled Choline PET/CT -- 7.1 Rationale for Choline PET in Prostate Cancer -- 7.2 Diagnostic Accuracy of Radiolabelled Choline in Skeletal Metastases -- 7.3 Response to Treatment with Radiolabelled Choline Agents -- References -- 8: Imaging of Glycolysis with 18F-­FDG PET -- 8.1 Physiopathology and FDG PET in Prostate Cancer -- 8.2 Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy among Imaging Modalities -- 8.3 Treatment Response Evaluation and Outcome Prediction -- References; 9: New Radiopharmaceutical Markers for Metabolism and Receptor -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of 18F-FACBC PET/CT for Detecting Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- 9.3 Role of 68GA-PSMA PET/CT for Detecting of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- References -- 10: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Hormonal Therapy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hormonal Therapy: Options -- 10.2.1 Inhibitors of Gonadal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.2 Inhibitors of Adrenal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.3 First-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.2.4 Second-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.3 Hormonal Therapy: Indications -- 10.3.1 Hormone-Naïve Patients -- 10.3.2 CRPC Patients -- References -- 11: Chemotherapy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Early Experience with Chemotherapy in Metastatic CRPC -- 11.2.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.3 Taxanes -- 11.3.1 General Mechanism of Action -- 11.3.2 Docetaxel -- 11.3.3 Docetaxel-Based Combinations -- 11.3.4 Docetaxel Rechallenge -- 11.3.5 Cabazitaxel -- 11.4 Platinum Agents -- 11.5 Effect of Chemotherapy on Bone Metastases (Summary) -- 11.5.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.5.2 Docetaxel -- 11.5.3 Cabazitaxel -- 11.5.4 Platinum Agents -- References -- 12: Combinations of Hormonal Therapy and Chemotherapy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Rationale of Combining Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy -- 12.3 Clinical Trials of Chemotherapy in Metastatic Castration-­Sensitive Prostate Cancer -- 12.4 The GETUG-AFU 15 Trial -- 12.4.1 The CHAARTED Trial -- 12.4.2 The STAMPEDE Trial -- 12.5 Comparison and Meta-­analyses of the Trials -- 12.5.1 Critical Comparison -- 12.5.2 Meta-analyses -- 12.5.3 Effect of Chemotherapy/Ormonotherapy on Skeletal-­Related Events in CSPC -- 12.6 Patient Selection for Up-Front Chemotherapy in Castration-Sensitive Metastatic PC -- References -- 13: Surgery: Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease; 13.1 Vertebral Metastases Techniques -- 13.1.1 En Bloc Vertebrectomy -- 13.1.2 Stabilization and Intralesional Surgery (Curettage) -- 13.1.3 Augmentation Technique -- 13.2 Femoral Metastases Techniques -- 13.2.1 Proximal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.2.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.2.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.2.4 Distal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3 Tibial Metastases Techniques -- 13.3.1 Proximal Tibial Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3.2 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.4 Humerus Metastases Techniques -- 13.4.1 Proximal Humerus Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.4.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.4.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.5 Scapular Metastases -- 13.6 Pelvic Metastases Techniques -- 13.7 Complications -- 13.7.1 Bone Explosion (During Intramedullary Stabilization) -- 13.7.2 Corticalization of the Trabecular Bone (Cutter Rupture) (Fig. 13.14) -- 13.8 Adjuvant Techniques -- References -- 14: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Radiotherapy -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 External Beam Radiotherapy -- 14.2.1 Radiation Dose and Fractionation -- 14.2.2 Reirradiation -- 14.2.3 EBRT in Management of Spinal Cord Compression or Pathological Fractures -- 14.3 Hemibody Irradiation -- 14.4 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy -- 14.4.1 Unirradiated and Reirradiated Patients: Mixed Cases -- 14.4.2 Reirradiation -- 14.4.3 Postoperative SBRT -- 14.4.4 SBRT in Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 15: Bone-Targeted Agents -- 15.1 Bisphosphonates -- 15.2 Denosumab -- 15.3 Safety of Bone Target Therapies -- 15.4 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) -- 15.5 Other Molecules -- 15.5.1 Abiraterone -- 15.5.2 Enzalutamide -- References -- 16: Bone-Seeking Radionuclide for Therapy -- 16.1 Introduction; 16.2 Bone-Seeking Compounds -- 16.3 Radioactivity -- 16.3.1 Forms of Radiation -- 16.3.2 DNA Damage -- 16.3.3 Half-Life -- 16.3.4 Dose and LET -- 16.4 Clinical Applications of Beta Emitters -- 16.4.1 Beta Emitters as Single Agents -- 16.4.1.1 Phosphorus-32 -- 16.4.1.2 Strontium-89 -- 16.4.1.3 Re-188 HEDP/Re-186 HEDP -- 16.4.1.4 Samarium-153 -- 16.4.2 Beta Emitters in Relation to External Beam Radiotherapy -- 16.4.2.1 Summary of Beta Emitters as Single Agents and in Relation to EBRT -- 16.4.3 Beta Emitters in Combination with Cytotoxic Agents -- 16.4.3.1 Sr-89 -- 16.4.3.2 Re-186 HEDP and Re-188 HEDP -- Summary of Beta Emitters and Cytotoxics -- 16.5 Alpha Emitters: Radium-223 -- 16.5.1 Preclinical -- 16.5.2 Phase I -- 16.5.3 Phase II -- 16.5.4 Phase III ALSYMPCA -- 16.5.5 Dosimetry -- 16.5.6 Clinical and Future Use of Ra-223 -- Bibliography -- 17: New Frontiers in Treatment -- 17.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Targeting Therapies -- 17.1.1 Bevacizumab -- 17.1.2 Sunitinib -- 17.1.3 Lenalidomide -- 17.1.4 Aflibercept -- 17.1.5 Tasquinimod -- 17.2 MET-Targeting Therapies -- 17.2.1 Rilotumumab -- 17.2.2 Tivantinib -- 17.3 Dual Inhibition of MET and VEGFR Signaling: Clinical Evidence -- 17.3.1 Cabozantinib -- 17.4 Dual Androgen Synthesis and Signaling Inhibitor -- 17.4.1 Galeterone (TOK-001) -- 17.5 Second-Generation Androgen Receptor Inhibitors -- 17.5.1 ARN-509 -- 17.5.2 ODM-201 -- 17.5.3 AZD3514 -- 17.5.4 EPI-001 -- 17.5.5 Orteronel -- 17.6 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 17.6.1 Ipilimumab -- 17.6.2 Tremelimumab -- 17.6.3 Nivolumab -- 17.6.3.1 Pembrolizumab -- 17.7 Cancer Vaccines -- 17.7.1 GVAX -- 17.7.2 Sipuleucel-T -- 17.7.3 PROSTVAC/TRICOM -- References -- 18: Approaches for Assessment of Response of Bone Metastases to Therapies -- 18.1 Introduction; 18.2 Modalities to Evaluate Bone Metastases UR - https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/orpp/detail.action?docID=4734167 ER -