Handbook of Religion and Society.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (561 pages)
- Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Series .
- Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Series .
Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction -- References -- Part I: Religion and Social Institutions -- 2: Health and Biological Functioning -- Gene-Environment Interplay -- Low Birth Weight, Preterm Birth, and Infant Mortality -- Allostatic Load -- Physical Functioning and Mortality Risk in Adulthood -- Directions for Future Research -- Biological Outcomes -- Indirect Effects -- Subgroup Variations -- The Dark Side -- Alternative Explanations -- References -- 3: Work, Occupations, and Entrepreneurship -- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism -- Beyond the Protestant Ethic: Reconsidering Religiosity and Workplace Outcomes -- Religious Belief -- Calling -- Other Work-Related Religious Beliefs -- Religion and Work-Family Strategies -- Religious Group Involvement -- Religion, Occupational Stratification, and Discrimination -- Religion and Occupational Stratification -- Religious Discrimination in the Workplace -- Hiring Biases -- The Paradox of Workplace Climate and Religious Commitment -- Religion and Entrepreneurship -- Definitions and Previous Research -- Ongoing Research on Religion and Entrepreneurship -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- Theorizing Faith Integration -- Direction of Causation: Work Effects on Religion -- References -- 4: Science -- Laypeople -- Demographic Trends -- Education -- Religious Tradition -- Political Identity -- Explanations for the Public's Multifaceted Engagement with Religion and Science -- "Moral Competitors" -- Professionals -- Science Professionals and the Public -- Disciplinary, Institutional, and Demographic Differences Among Scientists -- Disciplinary Distinctions -- Institutional Differences -- Demographic Patterns -- Institutional Negotiation -- Religion, Science, and Place -- Scientific Sites -- Religious Sites -- Case Study: The Creation Museum -- Future Directions -- References. 5: Sport -- The Secularization of Sport: History and Development -- Organizations Engaging Sport in the Service of Religion -- Varieties of Muscular Religion -- Sports-Based Ministries -- Religion and Sport in Individual's Lives: Connections and Conflicts -- Sport as Religion? Contemporary Explorations -- Civil Religion -- Sports Fandom as a Religious Phenomenon -- Future Directions: Decentering the Study of Religion and Sport -- References -- 6: Education -- Religion and the Politics of Education -- Religious Schools -- Effects of Religious Schools -- Religion and Educational Achievement -- How Education Shapes Religion -- International Perspectives -- Future Directions -- References -- 7: Media -- Social Science Approaches to Media Studies -- Producers of Media Content -- Media Content -- Effects of Mass Media -- A Shifting Paradigm -- Digital Religion -- Future Directions -- References -- Part II: Religious Organization -- 8: Denominations, Congregations, and Special Purpose Groups -- Congregations -- Congregation as Organization and Institution -- Organizational Cultures in Congregations -- Congregations in an Organizational Ecology -- Denominations -- Religious Special Purpose Groups -- Future Directions -- References -- 9: Organizational Innovation -- Church-Sect, R.I.P -- The Social Sources of Innovation -- External Environments -- Entrepreneurialism -- Social Movements -- Social Networks -- Innovation Outcomes -- Innovation in Membership -- Innovation in Leadership -- Innovation in Structure -- Diffusion -- Future Directions for Seeing Organizational Innovation in Religion -- References -- 10: Digital Religion -- Digital Religion as Lived Religion -- Digital Relgion: Defining a Field -- Digital Religion as Network and Space -- Networked Religion -- Third Spaces of Digital Religion -- The Third Space of the Wondercafe. Networked Religon, Co-Locating the Sacred, and the Case of a Virtual Tibet -- On a Tweet and a Prayer -- Future Directions -- References -- 11: Spirituality -- Beyond Religion and Secularization: The "Spiritual Turn" in the Sociology of Religion -- Secularization and Religion: Are They Concepts in Crisis? -- Decomposition and Recomposition of Contemporary Belief -- "Spiritual but not Religious": Distinguishing Religion and Spirituality -- Spiritualities in the Plural: A Long Story -- Spirituality: From Theological Term to Cultural Trait -- Spiritual Journeys and Spiritual Marketplace -- Dwelling and Seeking -- Spiritual but not Religious -- Spirituality and the "Sacred Self": About Body, Emotions, and Wellbeing -- The Silent Revolution -- The Therapeutic Culture -- The Spiritual Revolution -- Cultural Pluralism and Religious Diversity: Spirituality as Democratization of the Sacred -- Power "At Eye Level" -- Spirituality as Democratization of the Sacred -- Spirituality: Finding Meaning in Everyday Life -- The Paradox of the Post-Secular Age -- Reflexive Spirituality -- Spirituality as Research of Meaning in Everyday Life -- Directions for Future Research -- References -- Part III: Family, Life Course, and Individual Change -- 12: Family -- Dominant Approaches and New Directions -- Marriage, Intimate Partnerships, and Religious Tools -- Parents, Religion, and Moral Worlds -- Work-Family Dynamics and Religion -- Future Directions -- References -- 13: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood -- Portrait of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Religiosity -- Adolescent Religiosity -- Religious Change During Adolescence -- Religiosity in Emerging Adulthood -- Variations by Sociodemographic Characteristics -- Gender -- Race and Ethnicity -- Social Class -- Sexual Orientation -- Theories of Religious Socialization -- Sources of Religious Socialization -- Family -- Peers. Education -- Congregations -- Media -- Religious Traditions -- Developmental Outcomes -- Dating and Romantic Relationships -- Parent-Child Relationships -- Physical Health -- Prosocial Behavior -- Psychological Well-Being -- Risky Behavior -- Conditional Relationships -- Theoretical Approaches -- Future Directions -- References -- 14: Aging -- Religion in Late Life -- Religiousness in the Current Cohort of Older Adults -- Religious Involvement Over the Life Course -- Empirical Studies on Religion and the Life Course -- Theories of Life Course Change in Religious Involvement -- Religion, Aging, and Health -- Church-Based Social Relationships as the Core of Religious Life -- Church-Based Social Relationships and Social Ties in the Secular World -- Church-Based Social Support in Late Life -- Exploring the Integrative Role of Social Ties in the Church -- Exploring Variations by Race and Ethnicity -- Historical Experiences of African Americans -- Historical Experiences of Mexican Americans -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Religious Involvement -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Prayer -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Religious Coping -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Forgiveness -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Church-Based Social Support -- Race/Ethnic Differences in Work at Church -- Summary -- Future Directions -- References -- 15: Identity -- Identity as Affiliation -- Beyond Affiliation: The Complexities of Identity -- Catholic Identity: One Category Doesn't Fit All -- Who Is a Jew? -- Islam: Global and Contested -- Secular Identities: Nones, Atheists, and Humanists -- Mobility and Fluidity -- Future Directions -- References -- 16: Nonreligion and Atheism -- Definitions -- Nonreligion -- Secular, Secularity, and Secularism -- Atheism and Atheists -- Agnosticism and Agnostics -- Apostates and Exiters (and Other Terms for Those Who Leave Religions) -- Humanism. Rise of Research on Nonreligion and Atheism -- Characteristics of the Nonreligious and Atheists -- Sources of Atheism and Nonreligion -- Prejudice and Distrust -- Secular Organizations and Social Movements -- Future Directions -- References -- 17: Delinquency and Deviance -- Conceptualizing Religion and Religiosity -- Delinquency and Religion -- Theories of Religiosity and Delinquency -- Social Control Theory -- Social Learning Theory -- General Strain Theory -- Additional Theories -- Delinquency and Religion: Future Research Directions -- Suicide and Religion -- Sexual Deviance and Religion -- Religion as Deviance -- Future Directions -- References -- Part IV: Difference and Inequality -- 18: Social Class -- Theoretical Foundations -- A Note on Data -- Religious Stratification -- History of Religious Stratification in the United States -- Religious Stratification, 1972-2010 -- Latino Immigration and Differences Among Catholics -- Birth Cohorts Rather Than Time Periods -- Evaluating Church-Sect Theory -- The Current State of Religious Stratification -- Social Class and Religiosity -- Religious Participation -- Religious Beliefs and Devotion -- Does Religion Legitimate Social Stratification? -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 19: Gender -- Gender and Religion Research: From Studying Women to Studying Gender Regimes -- Women in Conservative Religions and the Question of Agency -- Feminism, Religion, and Religious Women's Political Activism -- Evangelical Masculinities -- Gendered Patterns of Religiosity -- Conclusion and Future Directions: Religion as a Gendered Social Institution -- References -- 20: Sexuality -- Heteronormativity -- Gender and Sexuality -- Counter/Non-normative Sexuality -- LGBTQI Experiences -- Youth Sexuality -- Future Directions -- References -- 21: Race and Ethnicity. Twenty-First Century Trends in Race, Ethnicity and Religiosity.