Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook : Renewable Materials for Today's Environment.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (1240 pages)
Intro -- Half Title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Preface -- Part 1: Wood and Fibres: Raw Materials -- Chapter 1: Introduction and State-of-the-Art -- Chapter 2: Wood and Wood Fiber Characteristics: Moisture, Biological, Thermal and Weathering -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Moisture -- 2.3 Biological -- 2.4 Thermal -- 2.5 Fire Retardants -- 2.6 Weathering -- References -- Chapter 3: Chemical Composition and Properties of Wood -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cellulose -- 3.3 Hemicelluloses of Wood -- 3.4 Lignin(s) -- 3.5 Wood Extractives -- References -- Chapter 4: Recycled Fibers -- 4.1 The Context and the Key Data -- 4.2 Recovered Paper and Board Grades -- 4.3 Unit Operations for Paper Recycling Processes -- 4.4 Recycling and Deinking Lines -- 4.5 Deinked Pulp Quality and Controls -- 4.6 The Limits of Paper Recycling -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 5: Recovered Papers Deinking by Froth Flotation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mass Transfer Mechanisms -- 5.3 Control of Process Performance by Chemical Additives -- 5.4 Flotation Deinking Process Modeling -- References -- Chapter 6: High-Yield Pulps: An Interesting Concept for Producing Lignocellulosic Fibers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 History of Mechanical Pulping -- 6.3 Principles of Mechanical Pulping Processes and Quality of Pulps -- 6.4 Quality of Mechanical Pulping Processes -- 6.5 Industrial Production of Mechanical Pulps -- 6.6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps -- 6.7 New Technologies under Development -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Kraft Pulping -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chemical Reagents -- 7.3 Mechanism of Delignification -- 7.4 Degradation of Carbohydrates during Kraft Pulping -- 7.5 Composition of Kraft Pulps -- 7.6 Improvement of the Kraft Process -- 7.7 Recovery of Cooking Reagents -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Sulphite Pulping. 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Brief History of Pulping Processes -- 8.3 Sulphite Pulping Chemicals -- 8.4 General Aspects of Sulphite Pulping -- 8.5 Reactions of Sulphite Pulping -- References -- Part 2: Wood and Fibres: Composites and Panels -- Chapter 9: Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Fibers and Composites: Chemistry and Technology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives -- 9.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) and Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Adhesives -- 9.4 Phenolic Resins -- 9.5 Resorcinol Adhesives -- 9.6 Thermosetting Adhesives Based on Natural Resources -- 9.7 Isocyanate and Polyurethane Wood Adhesives -- 9.8 Chemistry of Isocyanate Wood Adhesives -- 9.9 Technology of Isocyanate Adhesives -- 9.10 Conditions of Application of Isocyanate Adhesives for Wood -- 9.11 Emulsion Polymer Isocyanates (EPI) -- 9.12 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), EVAs and Acrylics -- 9.13 Hot Melts -- References -- Chapter 10: Natural Adhesives, Binders and Matrices for Wood and Fiber Composites: Chemistry and Technology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tannin Adhesives -- 10.3 Lignin Adhesives -- 10.4 Mixed Tannin-Lignin Adhesives and Resins -- 10.5 Protein Adhesives -- 10.6 Carbohydrate Adhesives -- 10.7 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives -- 10.8 Wood Welding without Adhesives -- 10.9 Alternative Systems to Weld Wood -- References -- Chapter 11: Chemically-Based Modern Wood Composites -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conventional Concepts and Products -- 11.3 New Concepts and Products -- 11.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 12: Chemical Modification of Solid Wood -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Chemical Modifications Involving the Use of Chemicals -- 12.3 Chemical Modifications Using Heat Treatments -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Modification of Natural Fibers Using Physical Technologies and Their Applications for Composites -- 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Wave and Radiation Technologies for Cellulosic Fiber Surface Modification -- 13.3 Physicochemical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers -- 13.4 Mechanical and Thermomechanical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Wood and Fiber-Based Composites: Surface Properties and Adhesion -- 14.1 Introduction: Practical Significance of Surface Properties and Adhesion -- 14.2 Adhesion Theories and Mechanisms -- 14.3 Interfacial Phenomena in Wood and Fiber Adhesion -- 14.4 Adhesion Interactions as a Function of Length Scale -- 14.5 Wood Bonding Considerations -- 14.6 Wood and Fiber Surface Properties -- 14.7 Wood Surface Modification -- 14.8 Analytical Techniques to Measure Wood and Fiber Surface Properties -- References -- Chapter 15: Wood and Fiber Panels Technology -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Wood as a Substrate -- 15.3 Wood Plasticization -- 15.4 Types of Wood Panels -- 15.5 Influence of the Adhesive in Wood Panel Bonding -- 15.6 Influence of Wood in Wood Panel Production -- 15.7 Production Condition Parameters in Wood Panel Gluing -- 15.8 Correlation between Pressing Parameters and Physical Properties -- References -- Part 3: Wood and Fibres: Paper -- Chapter 16: Rheology: From Simple Fluids to Complex Suspensions -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Classification of Fluid Behavior -- 16.3 Time-independent Fluid Behavior -- 16.4 Time-dependent Behavior -- 16.5 Viscoelastic Behavior -- 16.6 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Motion -- 16.7 Elongational Flow -- 16.8 Rheology of Suspensions -- 16.9 Origins of Non-Newtonian Behavior -- 16.10 Implications in Engineering Applications -- 16.11 Concluding Summary -- Acknowledgement -- Nomenclature -- References -- Chapter 17: Papermaking and Wet-End Chemistry -- 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Wet-end Chemicals, Fillers and Pigments: General Considerations -- 17.3 Functional Additives -- 17.4 Processing Aids -- References -- Chapter 18: Paper Winding -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Winder Types Found in a Paper Mill -- 18.3 Winder Classes and Types -- 18.4 Effect of Winder Classes and Types on Wound Roll Tightness -- 18.5 Roll Structure Theory and Control Curves -- 18.6 Tightness and Roll Quality Measurement -- 18.7 Winding Theory Stresses inside the Roll -- 18.8 Winding Defects -- 18.9 The Reel -- 18.10 Two-Drum Winders -- 18.11 Duplex Winders -- 18.12 Other Operations near the Rewinder -- 18.13 Automation and Productivity -- 18.14 Profile and Moisture -- 18.15 Paper Mills' Customers -- 18.16 Learning More about Winding -- Abbreviations used in this section -- References -- Chapter 19: Surface Treatments of Paper -- 19.1 Surface Sizing of Paper -- 19.2 Paper Coating -- 19.3 Specialty Papers by Coating -- 19.4 Coating Machines -- References -- Chapter 20: Calendering of Papers and Boards: Processes and Basic Mechanisms -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Calendering Processes -- 20.3 Applying Pressure in a Nip -- 20.4 Heat Transfer in the Nip -- 20.5 Effect of Calendering on Paper Structure and Surface Properties -- 20.6 Conclusions and Trends in Calendering -- References -- Chapter 21: Color and Color Reversion of Cellulosic and Lignocellulosic Fibers -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Lignin-Free Cellulosic Fibers (Chemical Pulps) -- 21.3 Lignin-rich Cellulosic Fibers (High-Yield Pulps) -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part 4: Wood and Fibres: Properties -- Chapter 22: Fire Behavior of Timber and Lignocellulose -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Wood in Structures -- 22.3 Basic Definition of Fire Growth -- 22.4 Degradation -- 22.5 Experimental Studies on Wood Behavior in Fire -- 22.6 Modeling Wood Behavior in Fire. 22.7 Flammability Assessment Methods -- 22.8 The Role of Fire Retardants -- 22.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 23: Testing and Evaluation of Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Conditioning of Specimens -- 23.3 Research & -- Development Test Methods -- 23.4 Regulatory Test Methods -- 23.5 Product Specific Regulatory Test Methods -- 23.6 Other Fire Test Methods -- 23.7 Tests for Smoke Obscuration -- 23.8 Other Properties of Fire-retardant-treated Wood -- 23.9 Specifications for Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products -- 23.10 Tests for Commonly Used Fire-retardant Chemicals -- 23.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 24: Modern Timber Houses -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Tradition and Development of the Swiss Timber House -- 24.3 Timber House Systems -- 24.4 Heat Insulation and Protection against Moisture -- 24.5 Sound Protection -- 24.6 Fire Protection -- 24.7 Multistory Timber Buildings -- 24.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25: Paper Characterization and Testing -- 25.1 Introduction and General Considerations -- 25.2 Composition and Structure -- 25.3 Mechanical Properties -- 25.4 Optical Properties -- Suggested Literature: -- References -- Chapter 26: Dimensional Stabilization of Wood and Wood Composites -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Thermal Modification -- 26.3 Chemical Modification -- 26.4 Wood Polymer Composites (WPC) -- 26.5 Other Applications -- References -- Index.