Shock Waves : Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (227 pages)
Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Climate change is a threat to poverty eradication -- By 2030, rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most (but not all) climate change impacts on poverty -- Emissions-reduction policies are required to remove the long-term threat from climate change, and need not threaten progress on poverty reduction -- In conclusion -- References -- 1 From Climate Change to Poverty and Back: A Framework. -- Introduction -- Climate change is an obstacle for people to escape poverty -- Poverty reduction, socioeconomic trends, and non-climate policies affect climate risk -- The road map for our report -- Notes -- References -- 2 Bad Seed: Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security -- Introduction -- Climate change and climate policies will impact food security -- Poor people are vulnerable to climate impacts through prices and ecosystems -- Policies can avoid negative consumption effects and increase incomes -- In conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Threat Multiplier: Climate Change, Disasters, and Poor People -- Introduction -- Climate change will worsen natural hazards in most regions of the world -- Poor people are often-but not always-more exposed to hazards -- Poor people lose relatively more to disasters when affected -- The reasons why poor people are more at risk point to possible policy solutions -- In conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 Under the Weather: Climate Change, Health, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty -- Introduction -- Disease and poor health contribute to poverty -- Climate change magnifies threats to health, especially for poor people -- Health care systems and development pathways play a critical role -- In conclusion -- Notes -- References. 5 Lend a Hand: Poor People, Support Systems, Safety Nets, and Inclusion -- Introduction -- Saving, borrowing, and insurance help people adapt to changes and cope with shocks, but are not always accessible for poor people -- Social protection schemes are critical for helping people adapt and cope with shocks, but must be flexible and easily scalable -- Migration and remittances play an increasingly important role and need to be supported by policies -- Voice and governance -- In conclusion -- Annex 5A. Case studies of social protection and risk management in Ethiopia, the Philippines, and Pakistan -- Notes -- References -- 6 A Window of Opportunity: Climate-Informed Development and Pro-Poor Climate Policies -- Introduction -- By 2030, climate change will increase -- but rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can minimize its impact on poverty -- Pro-poor mitigation policies are needed to reduce the long-term threat of climate change -- In conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- O.1 Agriculture is the key driver for climate change's impact on poverty -- 1.1 Multiple reports explore the complex relationship between development and climate change -- 1.2 A call for zero net CO[sub(2)] emissions by 2100 -- 2.1 Climate change could pose major hurdles for Africa's leading cocoa and coffee producers -- 2.2 Climate-driven livestock diseases can have high economic costs -- 2.3 The wider functions of ecosystems and biodiversity in rural livelihoods -- 2.4 Mitigating losses from the 1998 flood in Bangladesh -- 2.5 Despite significant benefits, adoption rates of conservation agriculture remain limited -- 2.6 Securing local benefits from harnessing the forests to lower emissions -- 3.1 Climate change makes extreme weather events more likely or more intense -- 3.2 Large coastal cities: Wealthier places at risk of floods. 3.3 In Mumbai, poor people are disproportionately exposed to floods -- 3.4 Hidden costs of recurrent hazards for poor people in Mumbai and Ho Chi Minh City -- 3.5 In an uncertain future, developing into the wetlands of Colombo is dangerous -- 3.6 Reversing the degradation of hydrometeorological services -- 4.1 Getting harder to breathe -- 4.2 Dengue's future hinges on whether development or climate change prevails -- 4.3 The uncertain triangle of climate change, conflict, and poverty -- 4.4 Universal health coverage: Kenya's bottom-up strategy -- 5.1 Developing catastrophe insurance in Turkey through public-private partnerships -- 5.2 Food provision and school feeding schemes are commonplace and effective -- 5.3 Indexing as an automatic scale-up mechanism -- 5.4 Private insurance and social protection schemes are complements, not substitutes -- 5A.1 How the PSNP helped households cope with Ethiopia's 2011 food crisis -- 6.1 It is possible to inform decision making, even in a context of deep uncertainty -- 6.2 Building two scenarios to explore the large uncertainty on the future of poverty -- 6.3 Is there a trade-off between climate mitigation and reducing extreme poverty? -- Figures -- O.1 Flows in and out of poverty in Andhra Pradesh are larger than their net effect on poverty -- O.2 Climate change can significantly reduce food availability in poor regions -- O.3 Rainfall shocks in Uganda take a big toll on crop income, less so on consumption -- O.4 Without environmental income, poverty rates could be much higher in (sub)tropical forest landscapes -- O.5 Poor people in hotter countries-like Nigeria-live in hotter areas, but less so in cooler countries -- O.6 When disasters hit in the past, poor people were more likely to be affected (panel a) … and poor people always lost relatively more than nonpoor people (panel b). O.7 If it gets too hot, productivity falls -- O.8 Poor people have less access to financial tools, social protection, and private transfers -- O.9 Our model for estimating the number of people in poverty due to climate change -- BO.1.1 Agriculture is the main sectoral driver explaining higher poverty due to climate change -- O.10 Drought vulnerability is reduced by agricultural techniques that integrate trees and store carbon -- O.11 In poorer countries, half of all health expenditures are paid out of pocket, unlike in richer ones -- O.12 Poorer households need different types of solutions -- O.13 Using the revenue from a carbon tax could boost social assistance -- 1.1 The bigger the climate change, the bigger the total impact -- 1.2 Flows in and out of poverty in Andhra Pradesh are larger than their net effect on poverty -- 2.1 Climate change could sharply reduce crop yields -- 2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the most vulnerable to climate-induced increases in agricultural prices -- 2.3 Climate change can significantly reduce food availability in poor regions -- 2.4 Ill-designed land-mitigation climate policies could sharply increase agricultural prices -- 2.5 Poor households spend a higher share of their expenditure on food than nonpoor households -- 2.6 In poorer countries, agriculture plays a vital role for poorer households' incomes -- 2.7 Food price rises could lead to big increases in extreme poverty in most countries -- 2.8 Rainfall shocks in Uganda take a big toll on crop income, less so on consumption -- 2.9 Ecosystem-based incomes explain most rural income in (sub)tropical smallholder systems. -- 2.10 Without environmental incomes poverty rates could be much higher -- 2.11 Improved cropping technologies increase resilience in the African drylands. 2.12 Faster technological progress would dampen long-term increases in food production costs -- 2.13 Drought vulnerability is reduced by agricultural techniques that integrate trees and store carbon -- 3.1 Poor people in hotter countries-like Nigeria-live in hotter areas, but in cooler countries, less so -- 3.2 When disasters hit in the past, poor people were more likely to be affected -- 3.3 Poor people always lose relatively more than nonpoor people -- 3.4 Home ownership in Tanzania encourages home investment -- 3.5 Poorer people lack sufficient access to financial instruments -- 4.1 Diarrheal diseases, respiratory diseases, and malaria contribute to record child mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia -- 4.2 In poorer countries, half of all health expenditures are paid out of pocket, unlike in richer ones -- 4.3 Health and funeral expenses are a major reason why households fall into poverty -- 4.4 For poorer countries, access to better sanitation for the bottom 40 percent is much worse than for the top 60 percent -- 4.5 As incomes rise, the prevalence of diarrhea for children under five falls -- 4.6 Stunting projections for 2030 and 2050 suggest that regardless of the socioeconomic scenario, climate change will increase severe stunting among children under 5 -- 4.7 Poor households in Mumbai face multiple stresses, with a key one the risk from floods -- 4.8 If it gets too hot, productivity falls significantly -- 4.9 A lot of room to improve the quality and cost of health care in poor countries -- 5.1 Poorer households need different types of solutions -- 5.2 Coverage of poor people is often under 50 percent, and they often receive lower transfer amounts -- 5.3 Poor people in the poorest countries barely covered by social safety nets -- B5.2.1 School feeding programs are the most prevalent type of social safety net. 5.4 Providing safety nets in the Horn of Africa and Sahel is affordable, but the cost is very volatile.