TY  - BOOK
AU  - Bashiri,Asher
AU  - Harlev,Avi
AU  - Agarwal,Ashok
TI  - Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Evidence-Based Evaluation, Diagnosis and Treatment
SN  - 9783319274522
AV  - R1 
U1  - 618.392 
PY  - 2016///
CY  - Cham
PB  - Springer International Publishing AG
KW  - Endocrinology
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction to Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- 1: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Definitions, Epidemiology, and Prognosis -- Introduction -- Misleading Numbers and Inconclusive Studies: Epidemiological Issues -- Maternal Age and Its Link to Aneuploidy -- Karyotyping the Products of Conception -- The Numbers Matter -- Two vs. Three -- Primary vs. Secondary RPL -- Infertility and Superfertility -- Gestational Age -- RPL Etiology -- Parental Chromosomal Aberrations -- Anatomic Abnormalities -- Endocrine Abnormalities -- Thrombophilias -- Lifestyle and Habits -- Obesity -- Unexplained RPL -- When May I Get Pregnant Again, and Is It Ok to Try Now? -- Conclusion -- References -- 2: Implantation, Physiology of Placentation -- Introduction -- Preimplantation -- Migration and Invasion of Trophoblast -- Cellular Movement -- Implantation -- The Selectins Adhesion System -- Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor -- Oxidative Stress in Early Pregnancy -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Causes of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- 3: Endocrine Abnormalities in RPL -- Progesterone, Luteal Phase Deficiency, and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Progestins and Progesterone Receptors -- Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor -- Luteal Phase Deficiency -- Recommendations for Progesterone Treatment in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Prolactin and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Definition and Diagnosis -- Association with RPL -- The Mechanism for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Elevated BMI -- Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia -- Thrombophilic-Associated Disorders -- Elevated LH and Hyperandrogenism -- Treatment Options -- Weight Loss -- Metformin Supplementation; Thyroid Disorders and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy Loss -- Hypothyroidism and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Hyperthyroidism -- Positive Anti-thyroid Peroxidase and Anti-thyroid Thyroglobulin in Women with Pregnancy Loss -- Screening Recommendation for Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Treatment Recommendation for Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Uncontrolled Diabetes and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- References -- 4: Genetics of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Introduction -- The Genetic Proportion of RPL -- The Modern Era of Genetics -- The Importance of Genetics Work-Up in RPL Assessment -- A Brief Introduction to Genetics -- Chromosomes, Karyotype, Chromosome Rearrangements -- Karyotyping -- Structural Abnormalities -- Translocations -- Inversions -- Techniques and Methods -- FISH Analysis -- Chromosomal Micro Array Analysis -- Next-Generation Sequencing and WES/ WGS -- MicroRNA Analysis -- Genetic Basis of Miscarriage -- Fetal Aneuploidy -- Cryptic CNVs -- Role of MiRNAs in Miscarriage -- The Genetic Work-Up of RPL -- Parental -- Cost-Effectiveness -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Inherited and Acquired Thrombophilias and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes -- Introduction -- Overview -- Factor V Leiden -- Prothrombin -- Protein C and Protein S Deficiencies -- Antithrombin Deficiency -- MTHFR -- Combined Defects -- Acquired Thrombophilias -- Treatment of Inherited Thrombophilias -- Discussion -- Summary of Current State of Research and Future Direction -- References -- 6: Immunological Causes of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Introduction -- Autoantibodies -- Cytokines -- Mannose-Binding Lectin -- Natural Killer Cells -- T Regulatory Cells -- Immunogenetic Studies -- Cytokine Genes -- Mannose-Binding Lectin Genes -- HLA -- Conclusions -- References -- 7: Anatomical Aspects in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Introduction; Embryology -- Prevalence and Inheritance -- Classification of Uterine Anomalies -- Uterine Anomalies Diagnostic Modalities and Techniques -- 3D Ultrasonography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- Diagnostic Hysteroscopy -- Diagnostic Laparoscopy -- Sonohysterography -- RPL in Different Types of Müllerian Duct Anomalies and Treatment Options -- Septated Uterus (ESHRE Classification Class U2) -- Unicornis Uterus (ESHRE Classification Class U4, Hemi-uterus) -- Uterus Arcuatus (ESHRE Classification Class U1c) -- Uterine Didelphi (ESHRE Classification Class U3c) -- Bicornuate Uterus (ESHRE Classification Classes U3a and U3b) -- Diethylstilbestrol Exposure -- Treatment of Uterine Malformations -- Acquired Uterine Structural Malformations -- Myomas -- Uterine Polyps -- Intrauterine Adhesions -- Summary -- References -- 8: Male Factors in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Introduction -- Sperm Chromatin -- Nuclear Proteome of the Spermatozoa and Its Role in DNA Stability -- DNA Damage and Male Infertility -- Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Sperm DNA Damage -- DNA Repair Systems in Spermatozoa -- Gene Deletion and Sperm DNA Integrity -- Apoptosis -- Ubiquitination -- SUMOylation -- Sperm DNA and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- DNA Damage and Sperm Function -- Aneuploidy -- DNA Fragmentation -- DNA Methylation -- Errors in Imprinting -- Methods to Detect Sperm DNA Damage -- Microscopic Analysis of DNA Damage -- Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) -- Alkaline Comet Assay -- TUNEL Assay -- Flow Cytometric Chromatin Evaluation (FCCE) -- Choosing the Assay and Evaluating Consequences -- Future Directions: Potential of Omics Studies -- References -- 9: Lifestyle and RPL -- Background -- Obesity -- Air Pollution -- Caffeine -- Cigarette Smoking -- Alcohol -- References -- 10: The Common Characteristics Between Infertility and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss; Introduction -- The Etiologic Linkage Between RPL and Infertility -- Uterine Factors -- Congenital Uterine Anomalies -- Leiomyoma -- Male Factor -- Endocrine Factors -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Thyroid Antibodies and Disease -- Hyperprolactinemia -- Luteal Phase Defect -- Personal Habits -- Smoking -- Alcohol -- Intense Exercise -- Substance Abuse -- Conclusion and Future Considerations -- References -- Part III: Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- 11: Contemporary Prevention and Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Etiology -- Antiphospholipid Syndrome -- Congenital Uterine Anomaly -- Abnormal Chromosomes in Either Partner -- Abnormal Embryonic (Fetal) Karyotypes -- The True Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- References -- Part IV: Psychological and Supporting Aspects of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- 12: The Health Caregiver's Perspective: The Importance of Emotional Support for Women with Recurrent RPL -- Introduction -- Background -- Recurrent Miscarriages/Recurrent Pregnancy Losses -- Causes for Miscarriages -- Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriages -- Emotional Aspects Associated with Recurrent Miscarriages -- Social Aspects of Recurring Miscarriages -- Emotional Support After RPL -- Support Tools -- NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming) and Guided Imagery -- Mindfulness -- Supportive Processes for Women with RPL -- Rachel's Story -- Conclusions -- References -- 13: A Patient's Perspective -- Part V: The Future -- 14: New Frontiers in RPL Research and Treatment -- Multifactorial Etiology of Recurrent Miscarriage -- Miscarriages Can Be Divided into Fetally Caused and Maternally Caused -- Biomarkers -- Implications for Research -- Implications for Clinical Practice -- Window of Implantation -- What Happens When There Is Impaired Embryo Selection? -- Superfertility and RPL -- Heparin Use in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss; Heparin's Effect on Different Molecules -- In Vitro Models Succeeded in Showing Some of Heparin's Beneficial Effects -- In Vivo Experiments -- Heparin and Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) -- Heparin and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Involvement of Immunity in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss -- Pregnancy: A Balancing Act of the Maternal Immune System -- Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and NK Cells: Breaking the Balance -- Influencing the Balance: Target for Therapy -- RPL and Several Molecular Findings -- Annexin 5 -- Annexin-V and aPL -- Annexin-V and RPL -- References -- Index
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