TY  - BOOK
AU  - Doe,Robert K.
TI  - Extreme Weather: Forty Years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)
SN  - 9781118949962
U1  - 551.554 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Newark
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
KW  - Climatic extremes--Great Britain
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Chapter 1 Researching Extreme Weather in the United Kingdom and Ireland: The History of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation, 1974-2014 -- 1.1 Introduction: The Early Years -- 1.2 International T-Scale: Theoretical Basis -- 1.2.1 Hailstorm Research -- 1.2.2 Temperature Extremes for the British Isles -- 1.3 Tornado Research Organisation -- 1.4 The Inaugural Issue of The Journal of Meteorology -- 1.5 Storm-Damage Site and Track Investigations -- 1.6 Birmingham Tornado of 28 July 2005 -- 1.7 TORRO Conferences -- 1.8 The Future -- Acknowledgements -- Additional information -- References -- Part I Tornadoes -- Chapter 2 Historical tornadoes in the British Isles -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Etymology of the Word Tornado -- 2.3 Terminology -- 2.4 Accuracy and Completeness of the Records -- 2.5 Analysis of Historical Tornadoes -- 2.6 Examples of Historical Tornado Reports -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Supercell and Non-supercell Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Structure and Life Cycle of a Storm Cell -- 3.3 Storm Mode: An Overview of Single-Cell, Multicell and Supercell Convection -- 3.4 Tornadoes in Supercell and Non-supercell Storms -- 3.4.1 Synoptic Situations Associated with Tornadoes in the United Kingdom -- 3.5 Towards a Climatology of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type -- 3.6 Monthly and Annual Frequencies of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type -- 3.7 Spatial Distribution of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type -- 3.8 Morphology of Tornadic Storms -- 3.9 Association of Supercells with Giant Hail -- 3.10 Case Studies of Supercell and Non-supercell Tornadoes -- 3.10.1 Case 1: The Cold Front of 29 November 2011 -- 3.10.2 Case 2: The English Midlands Supercells of 28 June 2012; 3.10.3 Case 3: The West Cornwall Supercell of 16 December 2012 -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Frequency and Spatial Distribution -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The TORRO Database -- 4.3 Tornado Frequency for the United Kingdom and Ireland: 1981-2010 -- 4.3.1 Annual Number of Tornadoes and Tornado Days -- 4.3.2 Season and Month of Occurrence -- 4.3.3 Hour of Occurrence -- 4.3.4 Intensities -- 4.3.5 Track Lengths -- 4.3.6 Maximum Track Widths -- 4.3.7 Directions of Travel -- 4.4 Spatial Distribution of Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland -- 4.4.1 Simple Mapping of the Database -- 4.5 Issues with Mapping -- 4.6 Kernel Density Mapping of Tornado Distribution -- 4.7 The 'London Metropolitan' Anomaly -- 4.8 The Isle of Wight and South Coast Anomaly -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Additional Information -- Kernel Density Estimation -- Voronoi Tessellations -- References -- Chapter 5 Tornado Extremes in the United Kingdom: The Earliest, Longest, Widest, Severest and Deadliest -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Earliest Tornado -- 5.3 Other Whirlwinds (First UK Record Only) -- 5.4 Longest Tornado Track -- 5.5 Widest Tornado Track -- 5.6 Severest Tornado -- 5.7 Largest Outbreaks -- 5.8 Highest Death Toll -- 5.9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Site Investigations of Tornado Events -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Getting Started: How Site Investigations Come About -- 6.3 Site Investigation Methods -- 6.4 Site Investigation Outcomes: The Growing Understanding of UK Tornadoes -- 6.5 Site Investigation Experience -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Thunderstorms and Lightning -- Chapter 7 Epic Thunderstorms in Britain and Ireland -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Selected Epic Thunderstorm Events -- 7.2.1 2-3 August 1879; 7.2.2 5-10 June 1910 -- 7.2.3 7-10 July 1923 -- 7.2.4 17-18 July 1926 -- 7.2.5 28-29 August 1930 -- 7.2.6 18-22 June 1936 -- 7.2.7 The West Country Thunderstorm of 4 August 1938 -- 7.2.7.1 General and Synoptic Background -- 7.2.7.2 Morning Thunderstorms in Devon and Cornwall -- 7.2.7.3 Lightning and Flood Damage -- 7.2.7.4 Organisation of the Storms in the South-West -- 7.2.8 5 September 1958 -- 7.2.9 22-24 June 1960 -- 7.2.10 8-9 August 1975 -- 7.2.11 13-14 June 1977 -- 7.2.12 25-26 July 1985 -- 7.2.13 24 May 1989 -- 7.2.14 8-9 August 1992 -- 7.2.15 24 June 1994 -- 7.3 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Thunderstorm Observing in the United Kingdom: A Personal Diary of Days with Thunder 1953-2013 -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Early Observations -- 8.2.1 Thunderstorm Observing -- 8.3 Thunderstorms of the 1960s -- 8.3.1 The 'Days with Thunder Heard' Statistic -- 8.3.2 Back to the 1960s -- 8.4 Thunderstorms of the 1970s -- 8.5 Thunderstorms of the 1980s -- 8.6 The Forecasting of Thunderstorms -- 8.7 Back to the 1980s -- 8.8 Thunderstorms of the 1990s -- 8.9 The Most Recent Thunderstorms: 2000-2013 -- 8.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9 Severe Hailstorms in the United Kingdom and Ireland: A Climatological Survey with Recent and Historical Case Studies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Establishment of a Tornado and Storm Research Organisation Research Database of Hail Events -- 9.2 Assessing the Intensity of Hail Falls -- 9.2.1 Hailstorm Intensity Scale -- 9.2.2 Kinetic Energy -- 9.2.3 Hailstone Size and Damage -- 9.2.4 Other Factors Affecting Damage -- 9.3 Annual Frequency of Hail -- 9.3.1 All Significant, Damaging Hailstorms -- 9.3.2 Frequency of Extreme, Destructive Hailstorms -- 9.3.3 Comparisons with Continental Europe -- 9.4 Seasonal Occurrence of Hail; 9.4.1 General Seasonal Incidence of Hail and Damaging Hailstorms -- 9.4.2 Storms of H5 Intensity or More -- 9.4.3 Comparison with the Incidence of Thunderstorms -- 9.5 Geographical Distribution -- 9.5.1 Storms of H2 Intensity or More -- 9.5.2 Geographical Distribution of Storms of H5 Intensity or More -- 9.5.3 Point Frequencies -- 9.5.4 European Comparisons -- 9.6 Hailstorm Characteristics -- 9.6.1 Hail Swathes -- 9.6.2 Radar and Hail Swathe Identification -- 9.6.3 Results of Hail Swathe Analyses -- 9.7 Synoptic Weather Types and Hailstorms -- 9.7.1 Specific Synoptic Background to Hailstorms -- 9.8 Hour-of-Day Distribution -- 9.9 Summary of TORRO's Overall Findings -- 9.10 Twenty of the Most Severe Hailstorms -- 9.10.1 1687: The Alvanley Storm -- 9.10.2 1697: Remarkable Late Spring Storms -- 9.10.3 1763: The Great Kent Storm of 19 August -- 9.10.4 1808: The Great Somerset Hailstorm of 15 July -- 9.10.5 1818: Stronsay, Orkney, 24 July -- 9.10.6 1843: The Great Hailstorm of 9 August -- 9.10.7 1893: Northern England and Southern Scotland on 8 July -- 9.10.8 1897: The Diamond Jubilee Storm of 24 June -- 9.10.8.1 Thunderstorms Erupt between 1200 and 1400 UTC -- 9.10.8.2 The Great Hail and Windstorm across Essex -- 9.10.8.3 Bedfordshire Storm -- 9.10.8.4 The Thames Valley Storm -- 9.10.9 1915: 4 July -- 9.10.10 1935: 22 September (Sometimes Referred to as the 'Great Northamptonshire Hailstorm') -- 9.10.11 1958: The Horsham Hailstorm of 5 September -- 9.10.12 1959: 9-11 July (Including the 'Wokingham Storm') -- 9.10.13 1967: The Wiltshire Hailstorm of 13 July -- 9.10.14 1968: The 'Dust Fall' Storms of 1-2 July -- 9.10.15 1983: South Coast Hailstorms of 5 June -- 9.10.16 1983: Violent Hailstorms in North-West England on 7 June -- 9.10.17 1985: The Essex 'Dunmow' Hailstorm of 26 May -- 9.10.18 1996: The Storms of 7 June; 9.10.19 1997: The Severe Storms of FA Cup Final on Saturday, 17 May -- 9.10.19.1 Synoptic Background -- 9.10.19.2 North Hampshire/West Berkshire Downs -- 9.10.19.3 North Somerset and Bristol -- 9.10.20 2012: The Destructive English Midlands Hailstorm of 28 June -- 9.11 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Lightning Impacts in the United Kingdom and Ireland -- 10.1 Lightning as a Weather Hazard -- 10.2 Historical Research into Lightning -- 10.3 Research into Lightning Impacts -- 10.4 Annual Number of Lightning Incidents Causing Injuries and Deaths -- 10.5 Lightning Injuries -- 10.6 Electrical Routes by Which Lightning Causes Injuries -- 10.7 Lightning Strikes to Groups of People -- 10.8 Locations to Avoid during Thunderstorms -- 10.9 Lightning Incidents Affecting People Indoors -- 10.10 The Frequency with which Lightning Strikes a Person -- 10.11 Fewer Deaths from Lightning Over Time -- 10.12 Lightning Strikes to Animals -- 10.13 Lightning Impacts on Aircraft and Motor Vehicles -- 10.14 Increasing Awareness of the Lightning Risk -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Ball Lightning Research in the United Kingdom -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Definitions -- 11.2.1 Lightning -- 11.2.2 Ball Lightning -- 11.3 What Ball Lightning Is Not -- 11.4 Ambiguity: Ball Lightning, Fireballs, Meteors and Meteorites -- 11.5 Early Beliefs about Lightning and Ball Lightning -- 11.6 Early Reports of Ball Lightning -- 11.6.1 Ball Lightning over Land -- 11.6.2 Ball Lightning over Rivers and the Sea -- 11.6.3 Ball Lightning Associated with Churches -- 11.6.4 Ball Lightning within Houses -- 11.6.5 Ball Lightning as a Precursor to Cloud-to-Ground Lightning -- 11.7 Interpreting Early Reports -- 11.7.1 1833: Early British Opinion about the Nature of Ball Lightning by Luke Howard FRS (1772-1864); 11.7.2 1837-1859: Sur le Tonnerre and Other Works by François Arago (1786-1853)
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