Novel Delivery Systems for Transdermal and Intradermal Drug Delivery.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (293 pages)
- Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology Series .
- Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology Series .
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology: Series Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Subcutis (Subcutaneous Fat Layer) -- 1.2 The Dermis -- 1.3 Skin Appendages -- 1.4 The Subcutaneous Sensory Mechanism -- 1.5 The Epidermis -- 1.6 The stratum germinativum -- 1.7 The stratum spinosum -- 1.8 The stratum granulosum -- 1.9 The stratum lucidum -- 1.10 The stratum corneum -- 1.10.1 Routes of Absorption -- 1.10.2 Transdermal Permeation - Mechanisms of Absorption -- 1.11 Theoretical Considerations -- 1.12 Physicochemical Properties of the Penetrant -- 1.12.1 Partition Coefficient -- 1.12.2 Molecular Size and Shape -- 1.12.3 Applied Concentration/Dose -- 1.12.4 Solubility and Melting Point -- 1.12.5 Ionisation -- 1.12.6 Physiological Factors Affecting Percutaneous Absorption -- 1.13 Physiological Properties of the Skin -- 1.13.1 Skin Condition -- 1.13.2 Skin Hydration and Occlusion -- 1.13.3 Skin Age -- 1.13.4 Regional Variation (Body Site) -- 1.13.5 Race -- 1.13.6 Skin Temperature -- 1.14 Vehicle Effects -- 1.15 Modulation and Enhancement of Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery -- 1.15.1 Chemical Modulation of Permeation -- 1.15.2 Physical Methods of Enhancement -- References -- Chapter 2 Application of Spectroscopic Techniques to Interrogate Skin -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods -- 2.3 Electronic Spectroscopic Methods -- 2.3.1 UV and Fluorescence -- 2.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.4 Miscellaneous Spectroscopic Methods -- 2.4.1 Opto-Thermal Transient Emission Radiometry -- 2.4.2 Electron Spin Resonance -- 2.4.3 Impedance Spectroscopy -- 2.4.4 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 2.4.5 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy -- 2.4.6 Mass Spectrometry Imaging -- 2.5 Conclusions and Future -- References. Chapter 3 Analysis of the Native Structure of the Skin Barrier by Cryo-TEM Combined with EM-Simulation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Our Approach: In Situ Biomolecular Structure Determination in Near-Native Skin -- 3.2.1 Step 1: Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections -- 3.2.2 Steps 2-3: Molecular Model Building and Electron Microscopy Simulation -- 3.2.3 Step 4: Confrontation of Observed Data with Simulated Data -- 3.3 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer's Fat Matrix -- 3.4 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer's Keratin Filament Matrix -- 3.5 Final Remark -- References -- Chapter 4 Intradermal Vaccination -- 4.1 Vaccination -- 4.1.1 Disadvantages Associated with Conventional Vaccination -- 4.2 Dendritic Cells Immunobiology -- 4.3 Skin Anatomy and Physiology -- 4.3.1 The Role of Skin in Vaccine Delivery -- 4.4 The Skin Dendritic Cell Network -- 4.4.1 Langerhans Cells and the 'Langerhans Cell Paradigm' -- 4.4.2 Dermal Dendritic Cell Network -- 4.4.3 Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Skin-Draining Lymph Node -- 4.4.4 Human Dendritic Cells in the Skin -- 4.4.5 The Role of Skin Dendritic Cells Subsets in Transdermal Immunisation -- 4.5 The DTR-DT Depletion System -- 4.5.1 Langerin-DTR Mouse Models -- 4.6 Dendritic Cells and the Differentiation of T Lymphocytes -- 4.6.1 CD8+ T Cell Activation -- 4.6.2 CD4+ T Cell Polarisation -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Film-Forming and Heated Systems -- 5.1 Film-Forming Systems -- 5.1.1 The Design of Film-Forming Systems -- 5.1.2 Advantages of Using Film-Forming Systems for Drug Delivery -- 5.1.3 Production of a Supersaturated State -- 5.1.4 Use with Chemical Penetration Enhancers -- 5.1.5 Advantages of Film-Forming Systems for Patient Use -- 5.1.6 Therapeutic Applications -- 5.2 Heated Systems -- 5.2.1 Mechanisms of Drug Penetration Enhancement -- 5.2.2 Partitioning. 5.2.3 Effects of Heat on Skin -- 5.2.4 Dermal Clearance -- 5.2.5 The Effects of Heat on the Permeation of Drugs Across Skin -- 5.2.6 Strategies for Generating Heat -- 5.2.7 Therapeutic Applications -- 5.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Nanotechnology-Based Applications for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Skin Structure -- 6.1.2 Skin Sites for Nanoparticle Delivery -- 6.1.3 Skin as a Barrier for Nanoparticle Penetration -- 6.1.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of NPs for Penetration through Skin -- 6.2 Nanocarriers for Topical and Transdermal Delivery -- 6.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2 Lipid Based Nanocarriers -- 6.2.3 Metallic and Mineral Nanoparticles -- 6.2.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials -- 6.3 Interactions of Nanoparticles with the Skin -- 6.4 Limitations of Nanotechnology for Skin Delivery -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Magnetophoresis and Electret-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Drugs -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physical Permeation Enhancement Techniques -- 7.3 Magnetophoresis -- 7.3.1 Drug Delivery Applications -- 7.3.2 Mechanism of Permeability Enhancement -- 7.3.3 Magnetophoretic Transdermal Patch -- 7.3.4 Conclusion -- 7.4 Electret-Mediated Drug Delivery -- 7.4.1 Electrets for Cutaneous Drug Delivery -- 7.4.2 Electret Layer in a Patch -- 7.4.3 Mechanism of Permeability Enhancement -- 7.4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Microporation for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 High-Pressure Gas or Liquid Microporation -- 8.3 Ultrasound (Phonophoresis and Sonophoresis) Microporation -- 8.4 Iontophoresis -- 8.5 Electroporation -- 8.6 Laser Microporation -- 8.7 Thermal Microporation -- 8.8 RF Microporation -- 8.9 Microneedles -- 8.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Microneedle Technology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 MN Materials and Fabrication. 9.3 MN-Mediated Drug Delivery -- 9.3.1 Combinational Approaches -- 9.4 MN Vaccination -- 9.4.1 Polymeric MNs and Vaccination -- 9.4.2 Solid MNs and Vaccination -- 9.4.3 Hollow MNs and Vaccination -- 9.4.4 MN Vaccination Moving Forwards -- 9.5 Further MN Applications -- 9.5.1 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring -- 9.5.2 Cosmetic Applications -- 9.5.3 Other Potential Applications -- 9.6 Patient Factors Relating to MN Use -- 9.6.1 Effects of MN Insertion on the Skin -- 9.6.2 Patient Safety -- 9.6.3 Acceptability to Patients and Healthcare Providers -- 9.6.4 Patient Application -- 9.7 The Next Steps in MN Development -- 9.7.1 Manufacturing Considerations -- 9.7.2 Regulatory Considerations -- 9.7.3 Commercialisation of MN Technologies -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Intradermal Delivery of Active Cosmeceutical Ingredients -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Emulsions -- 10.2.1 Microemulsions -- 10.2.2 Nanoemulsions -- 10.2.3 Quick-Breaking Emulsions -- 10.2.4 Pickering Emulsions -- 10.2.5 Gel Emulsions -- 10.2.6 Liquid Crystal Emulsions -- 10.2.7 Multiple Emulsions -- 10.3 Vesicular Systems -- 10.3.1 Liposomes -- 10.3.2 Niosomes -- 10.3.3 Sphingosomes -- 10.3.4 Multiwalled Delivery Systems -- 10.4 Solid Particulate Systems -- 10.4.1 Microparticles -- 10.4.2 Solid Nanoparticles -- 10.4.3 Fullerenes -- 10.4.4 Cyclodextrins -- 10.4.5 Fibrous Matrices -- 10.5 Cosmetic Foams -- 10.6 Cosmetic Patches -- 10.7 Cosmeceuticals: The Future -- References -- Chapter 11 Commercial and Regulatory Considerations in Transdermal and Dermal Medicines Development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Dermal and Transdermal Product/Device Development -- 11.2.1 Drug Candidate Selection -- 11.2.2 Dosage/Device Form -- 11.2.3 Pre-formulation and Formulation/Device Development -- 11.2.4 Performance Testing -- 11.3 Product Scale-Up and Process Optimisation, Validation and Stability Testing. 11.3.1 Product Scale-Up, Process Optimisation and Specification Development -- 11.3.2 Analytical Method Validation -- 11.3.3 ICH Stability Testing -- 11.4 The Commercial Future of Transdermal Devices -- References -- Index -- EULA.