TY  - BOOK
AU  - Lind,Nancy S.
AU  - Rankin,Erik T.
TI  - Privacy in the Digital Age: 21st-Century Challenges to the Fourth Amendment [2 Volumes]
SN  - 9798216132554
AV  - KF1262.P747 2014 
U1  - 345.73/0522 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - New York
PB  - Bloomsbury Publishing USA
KW  - United States. Constitution. 4th Amendment
KW  - Privacy, Right of--United States
KW  - Searches and seizures--United States
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Privacy in the Digital Age -- Volume 1 -- Title -- 1. Developments on the Fourth Amendment and Privacy to the 21st Century -- Introduction -- Colonial Times and Late 18th Century -- Postal Service -- Writs of Assistance -- Fourth Amendment and the Constitution -- 19th Century -- U.S. Census -- Ex parte Burford (1806) -- The Antebellum Period and the Civil War -- Reconstruction and the Fourteenth Amendment -- Privacy versus Morality (Late 1800s) -- Boyd v. United States (1886) -- The Right to Privacy -- 19th-Century Conclusion -- 20th Century -- Definitions "of the People," Search, Seizure, Unreasonable, Probable Cause -- Weeks v. United States (1914) and the Exclusionary Rule -- Extending the Fourth: Mapp v. Ohio (1961) -- Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule: Prohibition Rears Its Ugly Head -- Communications and Surveillance in the 20th Century -- Wiretapping and Olmstead v. United States (1928) -- Reasonable Expectation of Privacy -- United States v. Karo (1984) -- Presidential Wiretapping and Watergate -- The Burger Court -- Search and Seizures and the Press -- 20th-Century Conclusion and Beyond -- Notes -- 2.  Wiretaps, Electronic Surveillance, and the Fourth Amendment -- Types of Electronic Surveillance -- Wiretaps -- Pen Registers -- Online Surveillance -- Telegraph Surveillance -- Organizations -- The FBI -- The NSA -- The DEA -- Laws Regarding Surveillance -- The Right to Privacy -- The Exclusionary Rule -- Federal Stored Communications Act -- FISA -- CALEA -- The PATRIOT Act -- Surveillance Programs and Controversies -- Project Shamrock and Minaret -- Cointelpro -- The NSA Call Database -- Hemisphere -- The President's Surveillance Program -- Unlimited Access to Phone Records -- PRISM -- Successful Use of Wiretaps -- President Richard Nixon -- Governor Rod Blagojevich; John Gotti -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. Forensic DNA Analysis, the Fourth Amendment, and Personal Privacy -- The Uses of Forensic DNA Analysis -- DNA Confirmation and the Fourth Amendment -- DNA Trawling and the Fourth Amendment -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Biometric Identification as a Requirement for Work Access and Forced Surrendering of Private Information -- What is Biometrics? -- Categories of Biometric Technology -- Biometrics and the Right to Privacy -- The Individual and the Government -- The Individual and Information Safeguards -- The Individual and the Private Sector -- The Individual and the Data -- The Benefits of Biometrics -- Biometrics as the Final Solution -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Employee Expectations of Privacy in the Workplace: Drug Tests, Work Spaces, Computers, and Social Media -- Introduction: Basics of the Fourth Amendment and the Concept of State Action -- The Concept of State Action -- The Consequences of the Concept of State Action for Employees in the Private Sector -- The Fourth Amendment and Employees in the Public Sector -- Searches of Physical Spaces -- Drug Testing -- Video Surveillance of the Workplace -- Recording Phone Calls -- Computers, Other Electronic Devices, and Data Chips -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6. The Privacy Rights of Minors in a Digital Age -- Minors and the Bill of Rights -- Pre-Digital Age -- The Digital Age -- Third-Party Doctrine -- Privacy Defined -- Reasonable Expectation of Privacy -- Context and Exceptions -- Minors' Special Status -- Minors' Privacy in the Family -- Vicarious Consent Rule -- Minor's Rights and Parents-Commentary -- Minors as Solo Actors -- Minors' Privacy in the School Setting -- Children's Online Privacy Protection Act -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. Library Patrons and the National Security State -- Library and Librarian Professional Ethos -- Fourth Amendment Developments; Governmental Efforts and the Library Patron -- Library Responses to Governmental Intrusion -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 8. Where Is the Suspect? The Potential for the Use of Private Location-Tracking Data by Law Enforcement -- Introduction: From Olmstead to Katz to U.S. v. Jones -- What are the Competing Legal Standards? -- Sources of Data -- Current Practices and Ownership of Data -- The Importance of the Standard of Review -- State Laws that Provide Greater Protections of Privacy -- The Effects of Existing Federal Statutes -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 9. Drones and Police Practices -- Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and Drones -- Select Usages of Drones by Law Enforcement Agencies -- Incentives for Law Enforcement to Adopt Drones -- Law Enforcement Procedures for Drones -- Drones and the Fourth Amendment -- The Supreme Court and Aerial Surveillance -- The Supreme Court and Emerging Technologies -- Police Procedures, Congress, and State Legislatures -- Onward and Upward -- Notes -- 10. So Long, Stakeout? GPS Tracking and the Fourth Amendment -- Technology and the Fourth Amendment: From Katz to Jones -- The Reasonable Expectation of Privacy -- Public Exposure and the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Standard -- The "Intimacy Doctrine" -- GPS Technology -- Return of the Property-Trespass Standard -- Navigating Privacy in a Post-Jones World: Typology of Possible Legal Approaches -- Katz Standard: Property Intrusion and Reasonable Expectation -- Quantitative or Mosaic Standard: How Much Information Is Obtained -- Sequential Standard -- Public Space Standard: From Minimal Exposure to Likelihood of Public Observation -- Third-Party Doctrine -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 11. Drones, Domestic Surveillance, and Privacy: Legal and Statutory Implications -- Overview of Drone Technology -- Drones and Law Enforcement in the United States; Drones and Lawmakers: State and Federal Legislative Responses -- The Fourth Amendment and Privacy Rights -- Regulating Drones in the Court -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 12. 21st-Century Developments in Fourth Amendment Privacy Law -- Legal Regimes -- Continuity and Change -- The Meaning of the Fourth Amendment -- Conditional Rights -- The Role of the Supreme Court -- Court Watching -- Umpires, Referees, or Players? -- The Technology Driver -- Early Wiretap Rulings -- Developments in Two Rules of Fourth Amendment Law -- Does the Fourth Amendment Require Search Warrants? -- Two Concepts of Privacy -- The Property Rights Approach -- Special and General Warrants -- An Alternative Approach to Search and Seizure -- Fitting Technology into the Fourth Amendment -- Changing the Third-Party Doctrine? -- The Exclusionary Rule -- Informational Privacy and the Security State -- Intelligence-Based Policing -- Big Data and Predictive Analytics: Working the Right End of the Problem -- Legal Fiction and Scientific Fact -- The Federal Bureau of Investigation -- Going Dark -- Getting Used to the New -- The National Security Model of Justice -- The National Security Agency -- The National Security Court System -- Legal Globalization -- Interest Groups and Informational Privacy -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 13. The Changing Expectations of Privacy in the Digital Age -- Introduction -- The Beginnings of the American Right to Privacy -- Expectations of Privacy and the Fourth Amendment -- Changing Technology and the Law -- Electronic Communications Privacy Act -- The Internet and Social Networking -- Facebook and the New Social Norm of Sharing -- Knowingly Exposed, Plain-View Doctrine, and Social Networks -- The Third-Party Doctrine and Social Networks -- Smartphones and Location-Based Applications -- Stingray Devices and GPS Tracking; Location-Based Applications and Voluntary GPS Location Information -- Digital Evidence -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- Notes -- Volume 2 -- Title -- 14. Beyond OnStar: The Future and the  Trespass-versus-Privacy Debate -- The Development of Standards of Fourth  Amendment Protections -- Olmstead and Wiretapping Technology -- Katz and Electronic Listening Technology -- Kyllo and Thermal Imaging Technology -- Jones and GPS Monitoring Technology -- Developments in New Technology -- The Jones Rationale and Alternatives for the Future -- A Modest Proposal: The Presumption of Personal Privacy Standard -- Notes -- 15. Closed Circuit TVs, Videomation, and Privacy -- Introduction -- Constitutional Concerns: First and Fourth Amendments -- Closed Circuit Television and Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) -- Case Studies: International -- London, England -- Auckland, New Zealand -- Case Studies: Domestic -- Boston, Massachusetts -- New York City, New York -- Washington, D.C. -- Oakland, California -- Chicago, Illinois -- Baltimore, Maryland -- Specific Uses of CCTV Surveillance -- Sports Security -- Victim Testimony -- Safety of Public Spaces -- Necessary Measures for a Constitutional CCTV Program -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 16. Airport Scanners and the Fourth Amendment -- Introduction -- How it Works -- History of Airport Security -- Advanced Imaging Technology and the Fourth Amendment -- Consent -- Balancing Privacy and Security -- Special Needs or Administrative Search -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 17. Social Media and the Fourth Amendment Privacy Protections -- The Fourth Amendment -- An Expectation of Privacy -- The Plain-View Doctrine -- The Advent of Social Media -- Usage Data -- Implications of Usage -- Implications of Usage in Schools -- Applying the Fourth Amendment to Social-Media Issues -- Fourth Amendment Precedent and Technology; Expectation of Privacy and Plain View Revisited
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