The Transformation of Occupied Territory in International Law.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (569 pages)
- Leiden Studies on the Frontiers of International Law Series ; v.2 .
- Leiden Studies on the Frontiers of International Law Series .
Intro -- The Transformation of Occupied Territory in International Law -- Table of Contents -- Editorial Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Select List of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- Introduction -- 1. Scope of the research -- 2. Some issues of methodology -- Chapter 1 International Law and Transformative Occupation: A Historical Perspective -- 1. Occupation as conquest and exploitation -- 1.1. The Roman law tradition and its influence up to the Modern Age -- 1.2. The French occupation of the Rhineland (1794-1801) -- 2. Occupation as control and administration of territory -- 2.1. Occupation and sovereignty -- 2.2. The distinction between belligerent states and private individuals -- 2.3. The Prussian occupation of Alsace-Lorraine (August 1870- February 1871) -- 2.4. The process of codification -- 3. Occupation as transformation -- 3.1. The concept and its origin -- 3.2. From 'liberation' to political independence -- 3.2.1. The Russian occupation of Bulgaria (1877-1878) -- 3.2.2. The British occupation of Mesopotamia and the Mandate (1914-1932) -- (a) The occupation (1914-1920) -- (b) The Mandate (1920-1932) -- 3.3. From surrender to the establishment of 'democratic institutions' -- 3.3.1. The Allied Powers' occupation of Germany (1945-1949) -- 3.3.2. The Allied Powers' occupation of Japan (1945-1952) -- 4. Occupation as implementation of a 'humanitarian agenda': the Geneva Convention IV and Additional Protocol I -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 2 International Law and Transformative Occupation: Contemporary Challenges -- 1. The development of the international law applicable to an occupation -- 1.1 The issue of the legality of the existence of an occupation -- 1.2. The applicability of human rights law -- 1.3. The coordination between human rights law and international humanitarian law. 2. Some contemporary arguments for transformative occupation -- 2.1. Advancing human rights -- 2.2. Enabling self-determination -- 3. Conclusion -- Chapter 3 The Occupation of Iraq (2003-5) -- 1. Chronology of key events -- 2. The legal status of the Coalition Forces in Iraq in April 2003 -- 2.1. Occupation versus debellatio -- 2.2. The establishment of the occupation -- 2.3. The existence of an occupation in Iraq as of mid-April 2003 -- 3. The status of the Coalition Forces during the looting of Baghdad -- 3.1. Key events -- 3.2. The extent of the Coalition Forces' control over Baghdad -- 4. The role of the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance -- 5. The Coalition Provisional Authority -- 5.1. The CPA as an occupation administration: legal basis and structure -- 5.2. The CPA's purposes: nation-transformation -- 5.3. The CPA's self-definition of its authority and objectives: Regulation 1 -- 6. Security Council Resolution 1483: framing the role of the main actors in the Iraqi crisis -- 6.1. The quest for a Security Council resolution by the occupying powers -- 6.2. The status and functions of the CPA -- 6.2.1. Reappraising the legality of the CPA's presence in Iraq -- 6.2.2. Authorities, responsibilities, and limits -- (a) The CPA's 'political' tasks: a derogation from the law of occupation? -- (b) The administration of Iraqi oil -- 6.3. The role of the United Nations -- 6.4. The role of the Iraqi people -- 6.4.1. The ambit of the Iraqi people's right to self-determination -- 6.4.2. A position of subordination -- 6.4.3. The Security Council and the right to self-determination -- (a) Enablement of the right to self-determination or breach? -- (b) Internal self-determination and Saddam Hussein's regime -- 7. Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Occupation as Transformation: The Practice of the CPA -- 1. The dismantling of Saddam Hussein's regime. 1.1. The de-Ba'athification of Iraqi society -- 1.2. Dissolution of entities -- 1.3. Assessment -- 2. The duty to restore 'conditions of security and stability' -- 2.1. Control of weapons -- 2.2. The criminalisation of specific conduct and the harshening of penalties -- 2.3. The effort to restrain private militias -- 2.4. The attitude towards private contractors -- 2.5. The attitude of Coalition Forces towards the Iraqis -- 2.6. The creation of new Iraqi security forces -- 2.7. Assessment -- 3. The administration and reform of the judicial system -- 3.1. Amending existing legislation: the influence of human rights law -- 3.2. The establishment of new courts -- 3.2.1. The Iraqi Special Tribunal -- 3.2.2. The trial of Saddam Hussein -- 3.3. The management and supervision of detention facilities -- 4. The political and constitutional process to transform Iraq into a democracy -- 4.1. The role of the Iraqi Governing Council -- 4.2. Sistani's fatwa against the drafting of a constitution by a non-elected body -- 4.3. Security Council Resolution 1511: moving democratisation forward -- 4.3.1. The 15 November Agreement between the IGC and the CPA -- 4.3.2. A breach of the right to self-determination? -- 4.4. The UN involvement in determining date and modalities of the elections -- 4.5. The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period -- 4.5.1. Content -- 4.5.2. Assessment -- 5. The transformation of the Iraqi economy -- 5.1. Opening Iraq to foreign investments -- 5.2. Financial, fiscal, and labor reforms -- 5.3. Auditing and best financial practices -- 5.4. Evaluation -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 5 The Democratisation of Iraq after the Demise of the CPA -- 1. The legal effects of the CPA's legislation after its demise -- 2. The formation of the Interim Government -- 3. The content and effects of Resolution 1546. 3.1. Upholding the timetable of transition to a democratic constitution -- 3.2 The Invitation to the Multinational Force -- 4. The scholarly debate -- 4.1. Whether the Interim Government was sovereign -- 4.2. Whether the recognition by the Security Council may override the lack of internal sovereignty -- 4.3. The International practice -- 4.4. The status of the Multinational Force -- 4.4.1. The Multinational Force's relationship with the Interim Government and the Iraqi people -- 4.4.2. The Multinational Force's relationship with UNAMI -- 4.5. The Practice of the Interim Government: a 'caretaker'? -- 5. Towards full sovereignty: the practice of the elected Iraqi governments -- 5.1. The Jaafari Government (April 2005-May 2006) -- 5.2. The adoption of a permanent constitution (October 2005) -- 5.2.1. Content -- 5.2.2. A foreign-imposed constitution? -- 5.3. The Maliki Government (May 2006-re-elected in 2010) -- 6. The Withdrawal of the Multinational Force -- 7. Conclusion -- Chapter 6 International Law and Transformative Occupation after Iraq -- 1. Break from or continuum with the past? -- 1.1. A comparison with the occupation of Mesopotamia and the subsequent Mandate -- 1.1.1. Some similarities and differences -- 1.1.2. Self-determination as a limit to constitutional processes -- 1.2. A comparison with the Allied Powers' occupation of Germany and Japan -- 2. The occupation of Iraq as precedent -- 2.1. The irreplaceable function of the law of occupation -- 2.2. Should aspects of the law of occupation be amended? -- 2.3. Transformative occupation and international territorial administration -- 2.4. Transformative occupation and jus post bellum -- 2.5. Whether the Security Council should support prodemocratic transformative occupations -- Bibliography -- Index.
Building on a broad historical foundation, this study offers a comprehensive treatment of the international law issues that have arisen in connection with, and as a result of, the 'transformative' occupation of Iraq and of their significance for the development of international law.
9789004227880
Humanitarian intervention. Military occupation. Intervention (International law).