The Law of Higher Education, a Comprehensive Guide to Legal Implications of Administrative Decision Making.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Part Four The College and its Students -- Chapter 9. Student Academic Issues -- Section 9.1. Overview -- Section 9.2. Grading and Academic Standards -- Section 9.3. Online Programs -- 9.3.1. Overview -- 9.3.2. Ownership of online course materials -- 9.3.3. Student legal claims about online programs -- Section 9.4. Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities -- 9.4.2. Requests for programmatic or other accommodations -- 9.4.2.1. Domestic programs -- 9.4.2.2. Study abroad programs -- 9.4.2.3. Online programs -- Section 9.5. Sexual Harassment of Students by Faculty Members -- Section 9.6. Academic Dismissals and Other Academic Sanctions -- 9.6.1. Overview -- 9.6.2. Contract issues and fiduciary duty issues -- 9.6.3. Constitutional issues -- 9.6.4. Discrimination issues -- 9.6.5. Procedures for academic sanctions -- 9.6.5.1. Public institutions -- 9.6.5.2. Private institutions -- Section 9.7. Degree Revocation -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Chapter 10. Student Disciplinary Issues -- Section 10.1. Disciplinary and Grievance Systems -- 10.1.1. Overview -- 10.1.2. Establishment of systems -- 10.1.3. Codes of student conduct -- 10.1.4. Judicial systems -- Section 10.2. Disciplinary Rules and Regulations -- 10.2.1. Overview -- 10.2.2. Public institutions -- 10.2.3. Private institutions -- 10.2.4. Disciplining students with mental disorders -- Section 10.3. Procedures for Suspension, Dismissal, and Other Sanctions -- 10.3.1. Overview -- 10.3.2. Public institutions -- 10.3.2.1. Overview -- 10.3.2.2. Notice -- 10.3.2.3. Hearing -- 10.3.3. Private institutions -- Section 10.4. Student Protests and Freedom of Speech -- 10.4.1. Student free speech in general -- 10.4.2. The "public forum" concept -- 10.4.3. Regulation of student protest -- 10.4.4. Prior approval of protest activities.

10.4.5. Court injunctions and criminal prosecutions -- 10.4.6. Posters and leaflets -- 10.4.7. Protests in the classroom -- Section 10.5. Speech Codes and the Problem of Hate Speech -- 10.5.1. Hate speech and the campus -- 10.5.2. The case law on hate speech and speech codes -- 10.5.3. Guidelines for dealing with hate speech on campus -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Chapter 11. Rights and Responsibilities of Student Organizations and Their Members -- Section 11.1. Student Organizations -- 11.1.1. The right to organize -- 11.1.2. The right not to join, or associate, or subsidize -- 11.1.3. Mandatory student activities fees -- 11.1.4. Principle of nondiscrimination -- 11.1.5. Religious activities -- Section 11.2. Fraternities and Sororities -- 11.2.1. Overview -- 11.2.2. Institutional recognition and regulation of fraternal organizations -- 11.2.3. Institutional liability for the acts of fraternal organizations -- 11.2.4. Liability of fraternal organizations or their members -- Section 11.3. The Student Press -- 11.3.1. General principles -- 11.3.2. Mandatory student fee allocations to student publications -- 11.3.3. Permissible scope of institutional regulation -- 11.3.4. Advertising in student publications -- 11.3.5. Obscenity -- 11.3.6. Libel -- 11.3.7. Obscenity and libel in private institutions -- Section 11.4. Athletic Teams and Clubs -- 11.4.1. General principles -- 11.4.2. Athletes' due process rights -- 11.4.3. Athletes' freedom of speech -- 11.4.4. Pertinent statutory law -- 11.4.5. Athletic scholarships -- 11.4.6. Sex discrimination -- 11.4.7. Discrimination on the basis of disability -- 11.4.8. Drug testing -- 11.4.9. Tort liability for athletic injuries -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Part Five The College and Local, State, and Federal Governments -- Chapter 12. Local Governments and the Local Community.

Section 12.1. General Principles -- Section 12.2. Zoning and Land Use Regulation -- 12.2.1. Overview -- 12.2.2. Public institutions and zoning regulations -- 12.2.3. Private institutions and zoning regulations -- 12.2.4. Special exceptions and variances -- 12.2.5. Amendment of zoning ordinances -- 12.2.6. Rights of other property owners -- 12.2.7. Zoning off-campus housing -- Section 12.3. Local Government Taxation -- 12.3.1. General tax concepts -- 12.3.2. Property taxes -- 12.3.3. Sales, admission, and amusement taxes -- Section 12.4. Student Voting in the Community -- 12.4.1. Registering to vote -- 12.4.2. Scheduling elections -- 12.4.3. Canvassing and registration on campus -- 12.4.4. Reapportionment -- Section 12.5. Relations with Local Police -- Section 12.6. Community Access to the College's Campus -- 12.6.1. Public versus private institutions -- 12.6.2. Exclusion of speakers and events -- 12.6.3. Trespass statutes and ordinances, and related campus regulations -- 12.6.4. Soliciting and canvassing -- 12.6.4.1. Overview -- 12.6.4.2. Commercial solicitation -- 12.6.4.3. Noncommercial solicitation -- Section 12.7. Community Activities of Faculty Members and Students -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Chapter 13. The College and State Government -- Section 13.1. Overview -- Section 13.2. State Provision of Public Postsecondary Education -- 13.2.1. Overview -- 13.2.2. Statutorily based institutions -- 13.2.3. Constitutionally based institutions -- Section 13.3. State Chartering and Licensure of Private Postsecondary Institutions -- 13.3.1. Scope of state authority -- 13.3.2. Chartering and licensure of religious institutions -- Section 13.4. State Regulation of Out-of-State Institutions and Programs -- Section 13.5. Other State Regulatory Laws Affecting Postsecondary Education Programs -- 13.5.1. Overview.

13.5.2. Open meetings and public disclosure -- 13.5.3. Open records laws -- 13.5.4. State administrative procedure laws -- 13.5.5. Laws regulating medical services and medical research -- 13.5.6. Laws on gun possession -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Chapter 14. The College and the Federal Government -- Section 14.1. Federal Constitutional Powers over Education -- 14.1.1. Overview -- 14.1.2. Spending power -- 14.1.3. Taxing power -- 14.1.4. Commerce power -- 14.1.5. Civil rights enforcement powers -- 14.1.6. State sovereign immunity from suit -- Section 14.2. Federal Regulation of Postsecondary Education -- 14.2.1. Overview -- 14.2.2. Immigration laws -- 14.2.3. Regulation of research -- 14.2.3.1. Overview -- 14.2.3.2. Laws governing research on human subjects -- 14.2.3.3. Laws governing animal research -- 14.2.3.4. Research misconduct -- 14.2.4. USA PATRIOT Act and related laws -- 14.2.5. Copyright law -- 14.2.5.1. Overview -- 14.2.5.2. Rights of copyright -- 14.2.5.3. Copyright term and scope of protection -- 14.2.5.4. The fair use doctrine -- 14.2.5.5. Copyright ownership and management in the academy -- 14.2.5.6. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) -- 14.2.5.7. Copyright liability -- 14.2.6. Patent law -- 14.2.6.1. Overview -- 14.2.6.2. Patent-eligible subject matter -- 14.2.6.3. Policy issues involving university patents -- 14.2.6.4. Ownership of patents and ownership disputes -- 14.2.6.5. Infringement lawsuits -- 14.2.6.6. Patent reform and the America Invents Act (AIA) -- 14.2.7. Trademark law -- 14.2.8. Antitrust law -- 14.2.9. Federal Trade Commission Act -- 14.2.10. Environmental laws -- 14.2.11. Americans with Disabilities Act -- 14.2.12. Laws regulating computer network communications -- 14.2.12.1. Overview -- 14.2.12.2. Computer statutes -- 14.2.12.3. General statutes -- 14.2.13. Medicare.

14.2.14. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -- 14.2.15. False Claims Act and other fraud statutes -- Section 14.3. Federal Taxation of Postsecondary Education -- 14.3.1. Introduction and overview -- 14.3.2. Tax-exempt status -- 14.3.3. Tax-exempt status and intermediate sanctions -- 14.3.4. Tax rules regarding students -- 14.3.5. Gifts and contributions -- 14.3.6. The unrelated business income tax -- 14.3.7. Excise taxes on colleges and universities -- 14.3.8. Related entities and commercialization -- 14.3.9. Foreign programs and campuses -- 14.3.10. IRS audit guidelines -- Section 14.4. Federal Aid-to-Education Programs -- 14.4.1. Functions and history -- 14.4.2. Distinction between federal aid and federal procurement -- 14.4.3. Legal structure of aid programs -- 14.4.4. "Cross-cutting" aid conditions -- 14.4.4.1. Overview -- 14.4.4.2. Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 -- 14.4.4.3. Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments -- 14.4.4.4. Student Right-to-Know Act -- 14.4.4.5. Other cross-cutting aid conditions -- 14.4.5. Enforcing compliance with aid conditions -- 14.4.6. Protecting institutional interests in disputes with funding agencies -- Section 14.5. Civil Rights Compliance -- 14.5.1. General considerations -- 14.5.2. Title VI -- 14.5.3. Title IX -- 14.5.3.1. Overview -- 14.5.3.2. Title IX and peer sexual harassment -- 14.5.3.3. Claims by accusing students -- 14.5.3.4. Claims by accused students -- 14.5.4. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act -- 14.5.5. Age Discrimination Act -- 14.5.6. Affirmative action -- 14.5.7. Scope and coverage problems -- 14.5.7.1. Coverage of employment discrimination -- 14.5.7.2. Coverage of unintentional discriminatory acts -- 14.5.7.3. Scope of the phrase "receiving federal financial assistance" -- 14.5.7.4. Scope of the phrase "program or activity".

14.5.7.5. Coverage of retaliatory acts.

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