Water and Energy : Threats and Opportunities.

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acronyms -- A guide for the reader -- Preface -- Preface 2nd edition -- Acknowledgements -- Acknowledgements 2nd edition -- Part I: Introduction: The water and energy interdependence -- 1. The water and energy nexus -- 1.1 The Water and Energy Interrelationship -- 1.2 The Supply of Water -- 1.2.1 Water and poverty -- 1.2.2 The millennium development goals -- 1.2.3 Energy supply for water -- 1.3 Expedients for Water -- 1.3.1 The value of water -- 1.3.2 Economic and energy resources for water -- 1.4 Quantity and Quality -- 1.5 Chapter Summary -- 1.6 More to Read -- 1.6.1 Journals -- 1.6.2 Visual media -- 2. Competition and conflicts between water and energy -- 2.1 Conflicts Over Shared Water and Energy Resources -- 2.2 Primary Energy Sources -- 2.3 Electrical Energy Generation -- 2.4 Industrial Pollution -- 2.4.1 China -- 2.4.2 India -- 2.5 Chapter Summary -- 2.6 More to Read -- 3. The demand for holistic solutions -- 3.1 Consequences of the Water and Energy Nexus -- 3.2 Integrated Solutions -- 3.2.1 System wide water operations -- 3.3 Water, Energy and Food Security -- 3.4 Sustainability -- 3.4.1 Putting ecosystems into the planning -- 3.5 Finding Efficient Driving Forces -- 3.6 Chapter Summary -- 3.7 More to Read -- Part II: Water vs. climate, population, energy, food and land use -- 4. Climate change -- 4.1 Global Warming -- 4.1.1 Intergovernmental panel on climate change - IPCC -- 4.1.2 Other works to address climate change -- 4.1.3 The oceans -- 4.1.4 Arctic areas and Antarctica -- 4.1.5 Signs in nature -- 4.1.6 Impact on water resources -- 4.2 Climate Change Impact on Weather -- 4.2.1 Risks of extreme events and disasters -- 4.2.2 Economic losses related to weather -- 4.2.3 Extreme weather events -- 4.2.4 The tipping point -- 4.3 Climate Change Impact on Energy -- 4.3.1 Climate impact on energy production.

4.3.2 Climate impact on energy demand -- 4.3.3 Building more climate resilient energy -- 4.4 Climate Meetings -- 4.4.1 Kyoto 1997 -- 4.4.2 Copenhagen 2009 - Cancún 2010 - Durban 2011 -- 4.4.3 Warsaw 2013 -- 4.4.4 IPCC meeting in Stockholm 2013 -- 4.4.5 New York 2014 - Beijing 2014 -- 4.4.6 The emission gap -- 4.5 Recent Climate Actions -- 4.5.1 European Union -- 4.5.2 United States -- 4.5.3 Climate actions in some other countries -- 4.6 The Greenhouse Effect -- 4.6.1 Greenhouse gas emissions -- 4.6.2 Early discovery of global warming -- 4.7 The Greenhouse Gases -- 4.7.1 Carbon dioxide -- 4.7.2 Methane -- 4.7.3 Nitrous oxide -- 4.7.4 Artificial gases -- 4.8 The Global Warming Potential -- 4.8.1 Estimating global warming potential -- 4.9 Frugality -- 4.9.1 Efficiency -- 4.10 Chapter Summary - The Urgency -- 4.11 Recommended Reading -- 4.11.1 A note on Svante Arrhenius, a GHG pioneer -- 4.11.2 More to read -- 5. Population -- 5.1 The Population Growth -- 5.1.1 Fertility -- 5.1.2 Population and natural resources -- 5.2 Urbanisation -- 5.2.1 Food and water -- 5.2.2 Rural and under-developed areas -- 5.3 Chapter Summary -- 5.4 More to Read -- 6. Food, water, energy and land use -- 6.1 Our Need for Food -- 6.2 Water for Agriculture -- 6.2.1 Irrigation practices -- 6.3 The Water Footprint and Virtual Water -- 6.3.1 Virtual water -- 6.3.2 Water footprint -- 6.4 Energy for Agriculture -- 6.4.1 Energy for irrigation -- 6.4.2 Energy for fertilizers -- 6.4.3 Improving water and energy use in agriculture -- 6.5 Biofuel and Food -- 6.6 The Food We Eat and The Food We Waste -- 6.6.1 Our diets -- 6.6.2 Wasted food -- 6.7 Women and Water - The Gender Issue -- 6.8 Food Prices and Food Production Industry -- 6.9 Chapter Summary -- 6.10 More to Read -- 7. Global water resources -- 7.1 Climate Change Influence -- 7.1.1 Feedback mechanisms between water and temperature.

7.1.2 Water and energy consequences -- 7.2 Groundwater -- 7.2.1 Groundwater use and misuse in some regions -- 7.2.2 US -- 7.2.3 Saudi Arabia -- 7.2.4 India -- 7.3 Some Regions Having Too Little or Too Much Water -- 7.3.1 The Sahel region -- 7.3.2 Australia -- 7.3.3 The Pacific -- 7.3.4 US -- 7.3.5 China -- 7.3.6 Water flooding -- 7.4 Water Security and Water Scarcity -- 7.5 A Systems Approach -- 7.6 Chapter Summary -- 7.7 More to Read -- 8. Opportunities - the water demand side -- 8.1 Consumer Attitudes and Lifestyles -- 8.2 Water Pricing -- 8.2.1 Water pricing for irrigation -- 8.2.2 Leakage - a cost in both water and energy -- 8.2.3 Reflections on pricing -- 8.3 The Value of Water -- 8.3.1 Water pricing -- 8.3.2 Water footprint -- 8.3.3 Cost of water scarcity -- 8.3.4 Water economy -- 8.4 The Consumer - Raising the Awareness -- 8.4.1 Importance of metering -- 8.4.2 Finding incentives -- 8.5 Governing Water and Energy -- 8.6 Chapter Summary -- 8.7 More to Read -- Part III: Water for energy -- 9. Water footprint of energy production and conversion -- 9.1 Metric - Measuring the Water Footprint -- 9.1.1 International standard to measure the water footprint -- 9.2 The Global Energy -- 9.2.1 Primary energy sources -- 9.2.2 Electrical energy -- 9.2.3 Energy for the poor -- 9.2.4 Energy subsidies -- 9.3 Primary Energy Sources -- 9.3.1 Primary energy production predictions -- 9.3.2 Water requirements to produce the primary energy -- 9.3.3 Predictions of water requirements -- 9.4 Electrical Power Generation -- 9.4.1 Predictions of electrical energy use -- 9.4.2 Water requirements for electrical power generation -- 9.4.3 Predictions of water requirements for electrical power -- 9.5 Water Constraints for Energy Production -- 9.5.1 Some constraints -- 9.5.2 Reducing the freshwater need -- 9.6 Chapter Summary -- 9.7 More to Read -- 10. Hydropower.

10.1 Hydropower in the World -- 10.2 Incentives for Hydropower and Dam Building -- 10.2.1 Hydropower generation -- 10.2.2 Flood control -- 10.2.3 Water storage -- 10.2.4 Generating equipment -- 10.3 Costs for Dam Building -- 10.3.1 Evaporation -- 10.3.2 Gross or net evaporation? -- 10.3.3 Multipurpose dams -- 10.3.4 Sediment transport -- 10.3.5 Increased erosion -- 10.3.6 Increased flood risks -- 10.3.7 Changing flow river patterns -- 10.3.8 Consequences for fishing and biodiversity -- 10.3.9 Greenhouse gas production -- 10.3.10 Displacement of people -- 10.3.11 Water quality -- 10.3.12 Human health -- 10.3.13 Environmental consequences -- 10.4 Examples of Hydropower and Water Resource Conflicts -- 10.4.1 China -- 10.4.2 The Yellow River, China -- 10.4.3 Yangtze River and the Three Gorges -- 10.4.4 Tibetan Plateau, India and China -- 10.4.5 The Nile River -- 10.4.6 Colorado River basin, USA -- 10.5 Small Hydropower Plants -- 10.5.1 Example: Small hydropower in China -- 10.6 Integrated Planning -- 10.6.1 Building hydro dams - a multi-criteria optimization challenge -- 10.6.2 Guiding towards sustainability -- 10.7 Chapter Summary -- 10.8 More to Read -- 11. Fossil fuels -- 11.1 Conventional Oil and Gas -- 11.1.1 Oil and gas resources -- 11.1.2 Water for conventional oil and gas extraction -- 11.2 Shale Gas - A 'Revolution' -- 11.2.1 Shale gas - a 'tight' gas -- 11.2.2 Technology for shale gas exploration -- 11.2.3 Shale gas resources -- 11.2.4 Water use in hydraulic fracturing -- 11.2.5 The hydraulic fracturing fluid -- 11.2.6 Environmental impact of the produced water -- 11.2.7 Making fracking transparent -- 11.3 Oil Accidents - North America -- 11.3.1 Mexican Gulf 1979 and 2010 -- 11.3.2 Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1989 -- 11.4 Oil Exploration in Nigeria -- 11.4.1 Magnitude of oil spills in the Niger Delta.

11.4.2 The Bodo Creek incidents 2008-2009 -- 11.4.3 Produced wastewater -- 11.4.4 Environmental impact after 2009 -- 11.4.5 Restoration -- 11.4.6 Legal actions and human rights -- 11.4.7 Court decision 2015 -- 11.5 Oil Exploration in the Arctic Sea and in Russia -- 11.5.1 A human rights issue -- 11.6 Natural Gas Flaring -- 11.6.1 Nigeria -- 11.6.2 Gas flaring in other countries -- 11.6.3 Environmental impact -- 11.6.4 Reducing gas flaring -- 11.7 Oil Sand Exploration -- 11.7.1 Oil sand -- 11.7.2 Water and energy use in the exploration -- 11.7.3 Environmental concerns -- 11.7.4 The EU Fuel Quality Directive and oil sands -- 11.8 Coal -- 11.8.1 The world coal resources -- 11.8.2 Coal consumption and the environment -- 11.8.3 Coal mining -- 11.8.4 Surface mining -- 11.9 Fossil Fuels, Subsidies and the Climate -- 11.9.1 US -- 11.9.2 China -- 11.10 Chapter Summary -- 11.11 Recommended Reading and Viewing -- 12. Biofuels -- 12.1 Different Biomass Sources -- 12.2 The Water Biofuel Nexus -- 12.2.1 The big biofuel producers -- 12.2.2 Water requirements for biofuel -- 12.2.3 Water quality -- 12.3 Biofuels -- 12.3.1 Energy balance -- 12.3.2 Biofuel from corn -- 12.3.3 Biofuel from sugar canes -- 12.3.4 Biofuel from cellulose -- 12.3.5 Biofuel using bacteria -- 12.3.6 Biofuels from algae -- 12.3.7 Alternatives for transportation -- 12.4 Food and Biofuel Competition for Land and Water -- 12.5 Chapter Summary -- 12.6 More to Read -- 13. Cooling thermal electrical power plants -- 13.1 Cooling Thermal Power Plants -- 13.1.1 Water requirement -- 13.1.2 The cooling process -- 13.1.3 Extreme weather -- 13.2 Different Cooling Systems -- 13.2.1 Open loop systems -- 13.2.2 Closed cycle systems -- 13.2.3 Dry cooling -- 13.3 Different Types of Thermal Power Plants -- 13.3.1 Pulverized Coal (PC) plants -- 13.3.2 Gas turbines.

13.3.3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC).

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

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