Practical Wastewater Treatment.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework -- 1.1 Water Composition -- 1.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties -- 1.2.1 Solubility of Gases in Water -- 1.2.1.1 Nitrogen -- 1.2.2 Henry's Law -- 1.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water -- 1.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases -- 1.4.1 Common Minerals Dissolved in Freshwater and Seawater -- 1.5 Sources of Water -- 1.5.1 Groundwater -- 1.5.2 Groundwater Quality -- 1.5.3 Other Principal Contaminants in Groundwater -- 1.5.4 Movement of Groundwater -- 1.6 Analytical Methods -- 1.7 Laboratory Guidance -- 1.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations -- 1.8.1 What Is Quality Water? -- 1.8.2 Water Quality Standards -- 1.8.3 Water Quality Standards in the United States -- 1.8.4 Establishing Water Quality Standards -- 1.8.5 Effluent Standards and Guidance -- 1.8.6 Mixing Zones -- 1.8.7 Discharge Permits -- 1.8.8 US Penalty Policies - Enforcement of Permit Conditions -- 1.8.9 Water Quality Discharge Basics in the US -- 1.8.10 How Water Quality Standards Are Established -- 1.8.11 UK Water Effluent Quality Standard -- 1.8.12 EU Water Quality Standards and Effluent Limits -- 1.8.13 Other Water Quality Requirements -- 1.8.13.1 US Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards -- 1.8.13.2 WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines -- 1.8.13.3 EU Drinking Water Directives -- 1.8.13.4 UK Drinking Water Standards -- 1.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics -- 1.9.1 Water Use by Municipalities -- 1.9.2 Agricultural Water -- 1.9.3 Cooling Water -- 1.9.4 Boiler Water -- 1.9.5 Other Industrial Water Quality Requirements -- 1.9.5.1 Steel Industry -- 1.9.5.2 Paper Industry -- 1.9.5.3 Petrochemical Industry -- 1.9.5.4 Petroleum Exploration and Production Operations.

Chapter 2 What is Water Pollution? -- 2.1 Pollution Defined -- 2.2 Chemical Industry -- 2.3 Cooling Towers -- 2.4 Boilers -- 2.5 Iron and Steel Industry -- 2.6 Mining Industries -- 2.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas -- 2.8 Petroleum Exploration -- 2.9 Petroleum Refining -- 2.10 Agricultural and Food Processing -- 2.11 Crop Water Use -- 2.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing -- 2.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations -- 2.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations -- 2.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes -- 2.16 Dairy Wastes -- 2.17 Measuring Pollution -- 2.18 The Sampling Plan -- 2.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory -- 2.19.1 The Analytical Plan -- 2.19.2 The Effects of Pollution on the Environment -- 2.19.3 Oxygen Depletion - Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- 2.19.4 Oxygen Uptake in a Stream - The Oxygen Sag Equation -- 2.19.5 Biology of Polluted Water -- 2.19.6 Nitrogen -- 2.19.7 Phosphorus -- Chapter 3 Groundwater and its Treatment -- 3.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater -- 3.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas -- 3.3 Well Hydraulics -- 3.4 Well Packing and Screens -- 3.5 Trenches -- 3.5.1 Orifices and Pipe Losses -- 3.6 Compressible Flow -- 3.6.1 Calculation of Expansion Factor -- 3.6.2 Groundwater Hydraulics -- 3.7 Groundwater Treatment -- Chapter 4 Statistics of Measurements -- 4.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background -- 4.2 Significant Figures -- 4.3 Probable Error -- 4.4 Repeat Measurements -- 4.5 Net Process Measurements -- 4.5.1 Calibration -- 4.5.2 How to Measure Your Flow Accurately -- 4.5.2.1 Gurley Current Meter -- 4.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events -- 4.6.1 Weibull Distributions -- 4.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis -- 4.7.1 Black Swans -- 4.7.2 Data Analysis -- 4.7.3 Outliers -- Chapter 5 The Flow of Water and Wastewater.

5.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation -- 5.2 Open Channel Hydraulics -- 5.3 Froude Number -- 5.4 Types of Flowmeters -- 5.5 Weir Plates -- 5.6 Alignment Errors -- 5.7 Samples and Sampling -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning -- 6.1 Fault Tree Analysis -- 6.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis -- 6.2.1 Bow Tie Analysis -- 6.3 Analysis: The Five Whys -- 6.4 Regulatory Requirements -- 6.5 Software Solutions -- 6.6 Emergency Response Planning -- Chapter 7 Chemistry and Analyses -- 7.1 Aquatic Testing -- 7.2 Bacterial Testing -- 7.3 Dissolved Organic Materials - BOD, COD, and TOC -- 7.3.1 BOD vs ThOD -- 7.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand -- 7.3.3 TOC -- 7.4 Common Ion Species -- 7.4.1 Most Important Chemicals in the Water Environment -- 7.4.2 pH -- 7.4.3 Carbonate Chemistry -- 7.4.4 Alkalinity -- 7.5 Hardness -- 7.6 Chemical Water Softening -- 7.6.1 Excess Lime Process -- 7.7 Nitrogen -- 7.8 Phosphorus -- 7.9 Sulfur -- 7.10 Chlorine -- 7.11 Other Halogens -- 7.12 Metals -- 7.13 Solids -- 7.14 Organic Chemicals -- Chapter 8 Basic Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques -- 8.1 Removal of Metals -- 8.2 Chromium -- 8.2.1 Other Chromium Reduction Reactions -- 8.3 Arsenic -- 8.4 Cadmium -- 8.5 Iron -- 8.6 Zinc -- 8.7 Mercury -- 8.8 Radium -- 8.9 Anions -- 8.9.1 Cyanide -- 8.9.2 Nitrates and Nitrites -- 8.10 Solvents and Oils -- 8.11 Chlorinated Organics -- 8.11.1 PCBs -- 8.11.2 DDT -- Chapter 9 Biological Wastewater Treatment -- 9.1 The Microbial World -- 9.2 Order of Treatment -- 9.3 Types of Organisms -- 9.4 Chemistry and Activated Sludge -- 9.5 Growth Conditions and Nitrification -- 9.6 Denitrification and Phosphate Removal -- 9.7 Biological Growth Equation -- 9.7.1 The Monod Equation -- 9.7.2 Microbial Decay -- 9.7.3 Effect of Temperature and pH on Rate of Reactions -- 9.8 Principles of Biological Treatment Systems.

9.9 Activated Sludge and its Variations -- 9.10 Substrate Removal Definitions -- 9.11 Trickling Filters and Variations -- 9.12 Clarification for Biological Removals -- 9.13 Other Solids Removals -- 9.14 Biological Synthesis and Oxidation -- 9.15 Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastes -- 9.16 Modeling the Biological Process -- 9.16.1 Modeling Notes Before One Starts -- 9.16.2 Free Wastewater Treatment Modeling Platforms -- 9.16.2.1 SSSP -- 9.16.2.2 STEADY -- 9.16.2.3 JASS -- 9.16.2.4 Stoat -- 9.16.3 Commercially Available Modeling Tools -- 9.16.3.1 GPSX -- 9.16.3.2 SUMO -- 9.16.3.3 SIMBA -- 9.16.3.4 Biowin -- 9.16.3.5 WEST -- 9.16.4 Modeling Summary -- Chapter 10 Anaerobic Treatment -- 10.1 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Wastewater -- 10.2 Phosphorus Removal -- 10.3 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Digestion and Treatment -- 10.4 Anaerobic Pretreatment -- 10.5 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors -- 10.6 Other Digester Configurations -- 10.7 Siloxane Removals -- 10.8 Sludge Digestion -- 10.9 Gas Production Emphasis -- 10.10 New Technologies -- 10.11 Sludge Treatment -- 10.12 Anaerobic Digester Model ADM1 -- 10.13 Struvite and Anaerobic Processes -- Chapter 11 Precipitation and Sedimentation -- 11.1 Theory of Sedimentation -- 11.2 Clarifiers and their Design -- 11.2.1 Bulk Velocity - Surface Loading Rate -- 11.2.2 Hydraulic Detention Time -- 11.3 Lamellas and Specialty Devices -- 11.3.1 Lamellas -- 11.3.2 Membrane Filters -- Chapter 12 Granular Filtration Theory and Practice -- 12.1 Granular Media Filtration -- 12.1.1 Sizing of Filters by Flow Rate -- 12.1.2 Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Grain Size -- 12.2 Filtration Hydraulics -- 12.3 Particle Size Removals -- 12.4 Backwash Hydraulics -- 12.4.1 Use of Air in the Backwash of Granular Filtration Systems -- Chapter 13 Skin Filtration -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microstrainers and Screens.

13.3 Belt Filters -- 13.4 Plate and Frame Filters -- 13.5 Cloth vs. Paper Filters -- 13.6 Precoat -- 13.7 Head Loss Through Cloth Filters -- 13.8 Bag Filters -- Chapter 14 Membrane Filters and Reverse Osmosis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Design Values -- 14.3 Process Selection -- 14.3.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Selection -- 14.3.2 Cellulose Acetate Membranes -- 14.3.3 Polysulfone Membranes -- 14.3.4 Polyamide Membranes -- 14.3.5 Polyacrylonitrile Membranes -- 14.3.6 Ultrafiltration Modules -- 14.4 Reverse Osmosis -- 14.5 Mass Transfer Theory -- 14.6 Membrane Design Software -- 14.7 Membrane Materials -- 14.8 Membrane Configurations -- 14.9 RO Design Considerations -- 14.9.1 Feedwater Supply Considerations -- 14.9.2 Pressure Pumping -- 14.9.3 Membrane Considerations -- 14.9.4 Post‐treatment -- 14.10 Design Parameters -- Chapter 15 Disinfection -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Rate of Kill - Disinfection Parameters -- 15.2.1 Chick's Law -- 15.2.2 Harmful Organisms -- 15.3 Chlorine -- 15.3.1 Ammonia, Chlorine, and Chloramines -- 15.3.2 Other Types of Chlorine -- 15.3.3 Other Reactions with Chlorine -- 15.3.4 Chlorine Safety -- 15.3.5 Chlorine Dioxide -- 15.4 Ozone -- 15.5 Ultraviolet Light -- 15.5.1 LED Lighting -- 15.6 Other Disinfecting Compounds -- 15.6.1 Potassium Permanganate -- 15.6.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone -- 15.6.3 PAA: Peracetic Acid -- 15.6.4 Bromine -- 15.6.5 Iodine -- 15.6.5.1 Types of Iodinators -- 15.6.5.2 Careful Use of Iodine -- 15.7 Disinfection by Ultra Filtration -- Chapter 16 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal -- 16.1 General -- 16.2 BardenPho© Processes -- 16.3 Chemical Phosphorus Removal -- 16.4 Nitrogen Removal -- 16.4.1 Nitrogen Chemistry and Forms -- 16.4.2 Ammonia -- 16.4.3 Nitrate -- 16.4.4 Nitrification -- 16.4.4.1 Ammonia Stripping -- 16.4.4.2 Ion Exchange -- 16.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 17 Carbon Adsorption.

17.1 Introduction.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.