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Blandy's Urology.

By: Material type: TextTextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2019Copyright date: ©2017Edition: 3rd edDescription: 1 online resource (885 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781118863367
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Blandy's UrologyLOC classification:
  • RC900 .B536 2019
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I -- Chapter 1 Armaments in Urology -- Chapter 1.1 Principles of Urological Technology -- 1.1.1 Optics in Urology -- 1.1.1.1 The Rod-Lens System -- 1.1.1.2 Fibre-optic Flexible Endoscopes -- 1.1.2 Surgical Energy -- 1.1.2.1 Diathermy -- 1.1.2.2 Contact Diathermy -- 1.1.2.3 Noncontact Cutting -- 1.1.3 Dangers -- 1.1.3.1 Electrocution -- 1.1.3.2 Fire and Explosion -- 1.1.3.3 Burns -- 1.1.3.4 Neuromuscular Stimulation: The 'Obturator Twitch' -- 1.1.3.5 Pacemakers and Diathermy -- 1.1.4 Urological Diathermy -- 1.1.4.1 LigaSure Diathermy -- 1.1.4.2 Harmonic Scalpel -- 1.1.5 Lasers in Urology -- 1.1.5.1 Basis of Energy Generation in LASERs -- 1.1.5.2 Laser Interface with Tissue -- 1.1.5.3 Clinical Applications -- 1.1.5.3.1 Lasers in the Management of Urinary -- 1.1.5.3.2 Lasers in BPE -- 1.1.6 Catheters -- 1.1.6.1 Indications -- 1.1.6.2 Complications of Catheters -- 1.1.6.2.1 Treatment -- 1.1.7 Stents -- 1.1.7.1 Complications -- 1.1.8 Guidewires -- References -- Chapter 1.2 Wound Healing in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Wound-Healing Process -- 1.2.3 VascularResponse -- 1.2.4 Cellular Response -- 1.2.5 Urinary Tract Healing -- 1.2.6 Different Methods of Making Surgical Incisions -- 1.2.7 Von Brunn's Nests and Metaplasia -- 1.2.8 Squamous Metaplasia -- 1.2.9 Heterotopic Ossification -- 1.2.10 Regeneration of Smooth Muscle in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.11 Particular Effects of Urine -- 1.2.11.1 The Presence of Urine Modifies the Normal Process of Healing in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.12 Suture Materials, Splints, Meshes, and Films -- 1.2.12.1 Suture Materials -- 1.2.12.2 Synthetic Absorbable Suture Materials -- 1.2.12.3 Meshes -- 1.2.12.4 Injectable Agents -- References -- Chapter 1.3 Simulation in Urology -- 1.3.1 Introduction.
1.3.2 History of Simulationin Medicine -- 1.3.3 Simulation Modalities -- 1.3.4 Simulation in Urology -- 1.3.5 Endourology Simulation -- 1.3.6 Laparoscopy Simulation -- 1.3.7 Robotic Surgery Simulation -- 1.3.8 Nontechnical Skills Simulation -- 1.3.9 Simulation Training Curriculums -- 1.3.10 Assessment of Trainees -- 1.3.11 Future of Simulation -- References -- Chapter 2 Principles of Medical Statistics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Descriptive Statistics -- 2.2.1 Qualitative or Categorical Data -- 2.2.2 Quantitative or Numerical Data -- 2.3 Confidence Intervals -- 2.4 Significance Tests -- 2.4.1 What Statistical Test Should Be Used? -- 2.5 Relationships between Variables -- 2.5.1 Correlation -- 2.5.2 Prediction -- 2.6 Diagnostic Tests -- 2.7 Study Design -- 2.7.1 Observational Studies -- 2.7.2 Experimental Studies -- 2.7.3 Sample Size -- 2.8 Number Needed to Treat -- 2.9 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis -- References -- Chapter 3 Embryology for the Urologist -- 3.1 Historical Consideration -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Embryology of the Kidneys and Ureters -- 3.3.1 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.4 Embryology of the Bladder -- 3.4.1 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.5 Embryology of the Indifferent Genital System -- 3.6 Embryology of the Male Genital System -- 3.6.1 The Descent of the Testis -- 3.6.2 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.7 Embryology of the Prostate -- 3.8 Embryology of the Penis and Urethra -- 3.9 Neuter State -- 3.10 Embryology of the Female Genital System -- 3.11 Embryology of the Adrenal Gland -- References -- Chapter 4 Principles of Urologic Oncology -- 4.1 The Scope of Urologic Oncology -- 4.2 Carcinogenesis -- 4.2.1 Genetics of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Mitotic Cycle -- 4.2.3 Genetic Instability of Cancer -- 4.2.4 Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes -- 4.3 Molecular Biology of Cancer Growth -- 4.3.1 Sustaining Proliferation.
4.3.2 Evading Growth Suppressors -- 4.3.3 Resisting Cell Death -- 4.3.4 Enabling Replicative Immortality -- 4.3.5 Inducing Angiogenesis -- 4.3.6 Invasion and Metastasis -- 4.4 Tumour-Promoting Inflammation -- 4.5 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism -- 4.6 Evading Immune Destruction -- 4.7 The Tumour Microenvironment -- 4.8 The Rate of Cancer Growth -- 4.9 Principles of Treatment -- 4.9.1 Diagnosing and Treating Solid Tumours -- 4.9.2 Estimating Prognosis by Staging, Risk Stratification, and Nomograms -- 4.9.3 When to Treat and When Not to Treat -- 4.9.4 Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting -- 4.10 Oncologic Surgery -- 4.10.1 Surgery of the Primary Tumour -- 4.10.2 General Principles in Tumour Surgery -- 4.10.3 Regional Lymphadenectomy -- 4.10.4 Surgery for Metastatic Disease -- 4.10.5 Radiotherapy -- 4.10.5.1 Radiosensitivity of the Urogenital Tract -- 4.10.6 Chemotherapy -- 4.10.7 Targeted Drugs -- 4.10.8 Immunotherapy -- 4.10.9 Radionuclide Treatment -- 4.10.10 Multimodal Treatment -- 4.10.11 Interdisciplinary Care and Centralization -- References -- Part II -- Chapter 5 Kidney and Ureter Anatomy -- 5.1 Comparative Anatomy -- 5.1.1 Topographical Anatomy -- 5.1.2 Anatomical Relations -- 5.2 Renal Fasciae -- 5.3 Macroscopic Appearances -- 5.4 Arterial Supply -- 5.5 Renal Veins -- 5.6 Common Vascular and Anatomic Variations -- 5.7 Lymphatics -- 5.8 Innervation of the Kidney -- 5.8.1 The Nephron -- 5.8.2 The Glomerulus -- 5.8.3 Renal Papillae, Calyces, and Pelvis -- 5.8.4 The Ureters -- 5.8.4.1 The Anatomic Relations of the Ureter -- 5.8.4.2 The Calibre of the Ureters -- 5.8.5 Renal Pelvis and Ureteral Blood Supply -- 5.8.5.1 Ureteral Innervation -- 5.8.5.2 Renal and Ureteric Pain -- References -- Chapter 6 Kidney and Ureter Physiology -- 6.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate -- 6.1.1 Disorders of Glomerular Filtration -- 6.2 Renal Tubules.
6.2.1 Proximal Convoluted Tubules -- 6.2.2 Loop of Henle -- 6.2.2.1 The Countercurrent Theory -- 6.2.3 Distal Convoluted Tubule -- 6.2.4 Collecting Ducts -- 6.3 Hormonal Function of the Kidney -- 6.3.1 Renin -- 6.3.2 Erythropoietin -- 6.3.3 Vitamin D -- 6.4 Special Disorders of Renal Tubules -- 6.4.1 Hartnup Disease -- 6.4.2 Fanconi Syndrome -- 6.4.3 Renal Glycosuria -- 6.4.4 Renal Tubular Acidosis -- 6.4.5 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus -- 6.5 Acid-Base Metabolism -- 6.6 Obstructive Uropathy -- 6.7 Ureteric Physiology -- 6.8 Whitaker Test -- References -- Chapter 7 Renal Failure -- 7.1 Acute Kidney Injury -- 7.1.1 Definition -- 7.1.2 Stages of AKI -- 7.1.3 Classification of AKI -- 7.1.3.1 Prerenal AKI -- 7.1.3.2 Intrinsic AKI -- 7.1.3.3 Postrenal or Obstructive AKI -- 7.1.4 Clinical Assessment -- 7.1.4.1 Investigations -- 7.1.5 Management -- 7.1.5.1 Early Nephrology Consultation -- 7.1.5.2 Correction of Prerenal States and Maintenance of Haemodynamic Stability -- 7.1.5.3 Treatment of Complications -- 7.1.5.4 Medication Management -- 7.1.5.5 Other Supportive Care -- 7.1.5.6 Renal Replacement Therapy -- 7.2 Chronic Kidney Disease -- 7.2.1 Clinical Assessment -- 7.2.2 Complications and Their Management -- 7.2.2.1 Volume Overload -- 7.2.2.2 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances -- 7.2.2.3 Skin Manifestations -- 7.2.2.4 Anaemia -- 7.2.2.5 Neurologic Manifestations -- 7.2.2.6 Hypertension -- 7.2.2.7 Mineral Bone Disease -- 7.2.2.8 Amyloidosis -- 7.2.2.9 Other Uraemic Features -- 7.2.3 Renal Replacement Therapy -- 7.3 Dialysis -- 7.3.1 Peritoneal Dialysis -- 7.3.1.1 Complications Associated with PD -- 7.3.2 Haemodialysis -- 7.3.2.1 Principles -- 7.3.2.2 Vascular Access -- 7.3.2.3 Complications of HD -- 7.3.3 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) -- 7.3.4 Conservative Management -- References -- Chapter 8 Renal Transplant.
8.1 The Patients and the Kidneys -- 8.1.1 Organs for Transplantation -- 8.1.2 Organ Allocation -- 8.1.3 Waiting Lists and Preparationof the Recipient -- 8.1.4 Selecting Donors -- 8.1.5 Kidneys from Living Donors -- 8.2 Technique of Removal of Donor Kidneys -- 8.2.1 Cadaver Donor -- 8.2.2 Living Donor -- 8.2.2.1 Preservation of the Kidney -- 8.2.2.2 Inserting the Kidney -- 8.2.2.3 Postoperative Complications -- 8.2.2.4 Delayed Graft Function -- 8.3 Immunology of Organ Transplantation -- 8.3.1 The Major Histocompatibility Complex -- 8.3.2 The Human Leucocyte Antigen System -- 8.3.3 The ABO Blood Group System -- 8.3.4 HLA-Typing in Renal Transplantation -- 8.3.5 Cross-Matching and Preformed Antibodies -- 8.4 Graft Rejection -- 8.4.1 Reperfusion Injury -- 8.4.2 Adaptive Immunity -- 8.4.3 Antigen Presentation -- 8.4.4 Types of Immune Response -- 8.4.5 Migration of Activated Cells -- 8.4.6 Graft Destruction -- 8.4.7 Clinical Types of Rejection -- 8.4.8 Hyperacute Rejection -- 8.4.9 Acute Rejection -- 8.4.10 Chronic Rejection -- 8.5 Immunosuppression -- 8.5.1 Corticosteroids -- 8.5.2 Azathioprine -- 8.5.3 Calcineurin Inhibitors: Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus -- 8.5.3.1 Cyclosporine -- 8.5.3.2 Tacrolimus -- 8.5.4 Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) -- 8.5.5 mTOR Inhibitors -- 8.5.6 Antibodies -- 8.5.7 Belatacept -- 8.5.8 Side Effects of Immunosuppression -- 8.5.9 Immunosuppressive Treatment Regimens -- 8.5.9.1 Induction Treatment -- 8.5.9.2 Maintenance Treatment -- 8.5.10 Treatment of Rejection -- 8.5.11 Pregnancy after Renal Transplantation -- 8.5.12 Long-Term Treatment of the Recipient after Renal Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 9 Kidney and Ureter: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney -- 9.2.1 Embryology -- 9.2.2 Anomalies in Number -- 9.2.2.1 Supernumerary Kidney.
9.2.2.2 Unilateral Renal Agenesis.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I -- Chapter 1 Armaments in Urology -- Chapter 1.1 Principles of Urological Technology -- 1.1.1 Optics in Urology -- 1.1.1.1 The Rod-Lens System -- 1.1.1.2 Fibre-optic Flexible Endoscopes -- 1.1.2 Surgical Energy -- 1.1.2.1 Diathermy -- 1.1.2.2 Contact Diathermy -- 1.1.2.3 Noncontact Cutting -- 1.1.3 Dangers -- 1.1.3.1 Electrocution -- 1.1.3.2 Fire and Explosion -- 1.1.3.3 Burns -- 1.1.3.4 Neuromuscular Stimulation: The 'Obturator Twitch' -- 1.1.3.5 Pacemakers and Diathermy -- 1.1.4 Urological Diathermy -- 1.1.4.1 LigaSure Diathermy -- 1.1.4.2 Harmonic Scalpel -- 1.1.5 Lasers in Urology -- 1.1.5.1 Basis of Energy Generation in LASERs -- 1.1.5.2 Laser Interface with Tissue -- 1.1.5.3 Clinical Applications -- 1.1.5.3.1 Lasers in the Management of Urinary -- 1.1.5.3.2 Lasers in BPE -- 1.1.6 Catheters -- 1.1.6.1 Indications -- 1.1.6.2 Complications of Catheters -- 1.1.6.2.1 Treatment -- 1.1.7 Stents -- 1.1.7.1 Complications -- 1.1.8 Guidewires -- References -- Chapter 1.2 Wound Healing in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Wound-Healing Process -- 1.2.3 VascularResponse -- 1.2.4 Cellular Response -- 1.2.5 Urinary Tract Healing -- 1.2.6 Different Methods of Making Surgical Incisions -- 1.2.7 Von Brunn's Nests and Metaplasia -- 1.2.8 Squamous Metaplasia -- 1.2.9 Heterotopic Ossification -- 1.2.10 Regeneration of Smooth Muscle in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.11 Particular Effects of Urine -- 1.2.11.1 The Presence of Urine Modifies the Normal Process of Healing in the Urinary Tract -- 1.2.12 Suture Materials, Splints, Meshes, and Films -- 1.2.12.1 Suture Materials -- 1.2.12.2 Synthetic Absorbable Suture Materials -- 1.2.12.3 Meshes -- 1.2.12.4 Injectable Agents -- References -- Chapter 1.3 Simulation in Urology -- 1.3.1 Introduction.

1.3.2 History of Simulationin Medicine -- 1.3.3 Simulation Modalities -- 1.3.4 Simulation in Urology -- 1.3.5 Endourology Simulation -- 1.3.6 Laparoscopy Simulation -- 1.3.7 Robotic Surgery Simulation -- 1.3.8 Nontechnical Skills Simulation -- 1.3.9 Simulation Training Curriculums -- 1.3.10 Assessment of Trainees -- 1.3.11 Future of Simulation -- References -- Chapter 2 Principles of Medical Statistics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Descriptive Statistics -- 2.2.1 Qualitative or Categorical Data -- 2.2.2 Quantitative or Numerical Data -- 2.3 Confidence Intervals -- 2.4 Significance Tests -- 2.4.1 What Statistical Test Should Be Used? -- 2.5 Relationships between Variables -- 2.5.1 Correlation -- 2.5.2 Prediction -- 2.6 Diagnostic Tests -- 2.7 Study Design -- 2.7.1 Observational Studies -- 2.7.2 Experimental Studies -- 2.7.3 Sample Size -- 2.8 Number Needed to Treat -- 2.9 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis -- References -- Chapter 3 Embryology for the Urologist -- 3.1 Historical Consideration -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Embryology of the Kidneys and Ureters -- 3.3.1 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.4 Embryology of the Bladder -- 3.4.1 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.5 Embryology of the Indifferent Genital System -- 3.6 Embryology of the Male Genital System -- 3.6.1 The Descent of the Testis -- 3.6.2 Relevant Congenital Malformations -- 3.7 Embryology of the Prostate -- 3.8 Embryology of the Penis and Urethra -- 3.9 Neuter State -- 3.10 Embryology of the Female Genital System -- 3.11 Embryology of the Adrenal Gland -- References -- Chapter 4 Principles of Urologic Oncology -- 4.1 The Scope of Urologic Oncology -- 4.2 Carcinogenesis -- 4.2.1 Genetics of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Mitotic Cycle -- 4.2.3 Genetic Instability of Cancer -- 4.2.4 Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes -- 4.3 Molecular Biology of Cancer Growth -- 4.3.1 Sustaining Proliferation.

4.3.2 Evading Growth Suppressors -- 4.3.3 Resisting Cell Death -- 4.3.4 Enabling Replicative Immortality -- 4.3.5 Inducing Angiogenesis -- 4.3.6 Invasion and Metastasis -- 4.4 Tumour-Promoting Inflammation -- 4.5 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism -- 4.6 Evading Immune Destruction -- 4.7 The Tumour Microenvironment -- 4.8 The Rate of Cancer Growth -- 4.9 Principles of Treatment -- 4.9.1 Diagnosing and Treating Solid Tumours -- 4.9.2 Estimating Prognosis by Staging, Risk Stratification, and Nomograms -- 4.9.3 When to Treat and When Not to Treat -- 4.9.4 Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting -- 4.10 Oncologic Surgery -- 4.10.1 Surgery of the Primary Tumour -- 4.10.2 General Principles in Tumour Surgery -- 4.10.3 Regional Lymphadenectomy -- 4.10.4 Surgery for Metastatic Disease -- 4.10.5 Radiotherapy -- 4.10.5.1 Radiosensitivity of the Urogenital Tract -- 4.10.6 Chemotherapy -- 4.10.7 Targeted Drugs -- 4.10.8 Immunotherapy -- 4.10.9 Radionuclide Treatment -- 4.10.10 Multimodal Treatment -- 4.10.11 Interdisciplinary Care and Centralization -- References -- Part II -- Chapter 5 Kidney and Ureter Anatomy -- 5.1 Comparative Anatomy -- 5.1.1 Topographical Anatomy -- 5.1.2 Anatomical Relations -- 5.2 Renal Fasciae -- 5.3 Macroscopic Appearances -- 5.4 Arterial Supply -- 5.5 Renal Veins -- 5.6 Common Vascular and Anatomic Variations -- 5.7 Lymphatics -- 5.8 Innervation of the Kidney -- 5.8.1 The Nephron -- 5.8.2 The Glomerulus -- 5.8.3 Renal Papillae, Calyces, and Pelvis -- 5.8.4 The Ureters -- 5.8.4.1 The Anatomic Relations of the Ureter -- 5.8.4.2 The Calibre of the Ureters -- 5.8.5 Renal Pelvis and Ureteral Blood Supply -- 5.8.5.1 Ureteral Innervation -- 5.8.5.2 Renal and Ureteric Pain -- References -- Chapter 6 Kidney and Ureter Physiology -- 6.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate -- 6.1.1 Disorders of Glomerular Filtration -- 6.2 Renal Tubules.

6.2.1 Proximal Convoluted Tubules -- 6.2.2 Loop of Henle -- 6.2.2.1 The Countercurrent Theory -- 6.2.3 Distal Convoluted Tubule -- 6.2.4 Collecting Ducts -- 6.3 Hormonal Function of the Kidney -- 6.3.1 Renin -- 6.3.2 Erythropoietin -- 6.3.3 Vitamin D -- 6.4 Special Disorders of Renal Tubules -- 6.4.1 Hartnup Disease -- 6.4.2 Fanconi Syndrome -- 6.4.3 Renal Glycosuria -- 6.4.4 Renal Tubular Acidosis -- 6.4.5 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus -- 6.5 Acid-Base Metabolism -- 6.6 Obstructive Uropathy -- 6.7 Ureteric Physiology -- 6.8 Whitaker Test -- References -- Chapter 7 Renal Failure -- 7.1 Acute Kidney Injury -- 7.1.1 Definition -- 7.1.2 Stages of AKI -- 7.1.3 Classification of AKI -- 7.1.3.1 Prerenal AKI -- 7.1.3.2 Intrinsic AKI -- 7.1.3.3 Postrenal or Obstructive AKI -- 7.1.4 Clinical Assessment -- 7.1.4.1 Investigations -- 7.1.5 Management -- 7.1.5.1 Early Nephrology Consultation -- 7.1.5.2 Correction of Prerenal States and Maintenance of Haemodynamic Stability -- 7.1.5.3 Treatment of Complications -- 7.1.5.4 Medication Management -- 7.1.5.5 Other Supportive Care -- 7.1.5.6 Renal Replacement Therapy -- 7.2 Chronic Kidney Disease -- 7.2.1 Clinical Assessment -- 7.2.2 Complications and Their Management -- 7.2.2.1 Volume Overload -- 7.2.2.2 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances -- 7.2.2.3 Skin Manifestations -- 7.2.2.4 Anaemia -- 7.2.2.5 Neurologic Manifestations -- 7.2.2.6 Hypertension -- 7.2.2.7 Mineral Bone Disease -- 7.2.2.8 Amyloidosis -- 7.2.2.9 Other Uraemic Features -- 7.2.3 Renal Replacement Therapy -- 7.3 Dialysis -- 7.3.1 Peritoneal Dialysis -- 7.3.1.1 Complications Associated with PD -- 7.3.2 Haemodialysis -- 7.3.2.1 Principles -- 7.3.2.2 Vascular Access -- 7.3.2.3 Complications of HD -- 7.3.3 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) -- 7.3.4 Conservative Management -- References -- Chapter 8 Renal Transplant.

8.1 The Patients and the Kidneys -- 8.1.1 Organs for Transplantation -- 8.1.2 Organ Allocation -- 8.1.3 Waiting Lists and Preparationof the Recipient -- 8.1.4 Selecting Donors -- 8.1.5 Kidneys from Living Donors -- 8.2 Technique of Removal of Donor Kidneys -- 8.2.1 Cadaver Donor -- 8.2.2 Living Donor -- 8.2.2.1 Preservation of the Kidney -- 8.2.2.2 Inserting the Kidney -- 8.2.2.3 Postoperative Complications -- 8.2.2.4 Delayed Graft Function -- 8.3 Immunology of Organ Transplantation -- 8.3.1 The Major Histocompatibility Complex -- 8.3.2 The Human Leucocyte Antigen System -- 8.3.3 The ABO Blood Group System -- 8.3.4 HLA-Typing in Renal Transplantation -- 8.3.5 Cross-Matching and Preformed Antibodies -- 8.4 Graft Rejection -- 8.4.1 Reperfusion Injury -- 8.4.2 Adaptive Immunity -- 8.4.3 Antigen Presentation -- 8.4.4 Types of Immune Response -- 8.4.5 Migration of Activated Cells -- 8.4.6 Graft Destruction -- 8.4.7 Clinical Types of Rejection -- 8.4.8 Hyperacute Rejection -- 8.4.9 Acute Rejection -- 8.4.10 Chronic Rejection -- 8.5 Immunosuppression -- 8.5.1 Corticosteroids -- 8.5.2 Azathioprine -- 8.5.3 Calcineurin Inhibitors: Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus -- 8.5.3.1 Cyclosporine -- 8.5.3.2 Tacrolimus -- 8.5.4 Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) -- 8.5.5 mTOR Inhibitors -- 8.5.6 Antibodies -- 8.5.7 Belatacept -- 8.5.8 Side Effects of Immunosuppression -- 8.5.9 Immunosuppressive Treatment Regimens -- 8.5.9.1 Induction Treatment -- 8.5.9.2 Maintenance Treatment -- 8.5.10 Treatment of Rejection -- 8.5.11 Pregnancy after Renal Transplantation -- 8.5.12 Long-Term Treatment of the Recipient after Renal Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 9 Kidney and Ureter: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney -- 9.2.1 Embryology -- 9.2.2 Anomalies in Number -- 9.2.2.1 Supernumerary Kidney.

9.2.2.2 Unilateral Renal Agenesis.

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