The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence.

The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary1 -- INTRODUCTION -- CONTENTS OF THE REPORT -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations to Improve Laboratory Performance -- Recommendations for Estimating Random-Match Probabilities -- Recommendations on Interpreting the Results of Database Searches, on Binning, and on Establishing th ... -- Recommendation for Research on Juror Comprehension -- Overview -- INTRODUCTION -- OUR ASSIGNMENT -- DNA TYPING -- BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES -- FORENSIC DNA IDENTIFICATION -- VNTRs -- DNA Profiling -- Matching and Binning of VNTRs -- Allele (Bin) Frequencies -- PCR-Based Systems -- ASSURING LABORATORY ACCURACY -- POPULATION GENETICS -- Randomly Mating Populations -- Population Structure -- Dealing with Subpopulations -- Persons from the Same Subpopulation -- SOME STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- The Reference Database -- Match Probability, Likelihood Ratio, and Two Fallacies -- Bayes's Theorem -- Suspect Identified by Database Search -- Uniqueness -- Uncertainty About Estimated Frequencies -- PCR-Based Tests -- THE CEILING PRINCIPLES -- DNA IN THE COURTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Admissibility of DNA Evidence (Chapter 2) -- Laboratory Errors (Chapter 3) -- Proficiency Tests -- Duplicate Tests -- Population Genetics (Chapter 4) -- Evidence DNA and Suspect from the Same Subgroup -- Insufficient Data -- Dealing with Relatives -- Statistical Issues (Chapter 5) -- Database Searches -- Uniqueness -- Matching and Binning -- Ceiling Principles -- Further Research -- Legal Issues (Chapter 6) -- ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE -- A Typical Case -- Suspect Found by Searching a Database -- Suspect and Evidence from the Same Subpopulation -- A PCR-Based System -- 1 Introduction -- THE 1992 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- THE VALIDITY OF DNA TYPING.

THE USE OF DNA FOR EXCLUSION -- CHANGES SINCE THE 1992 NRC REPORT -- Population Data -- Technical Improvements -- PATERNITY TESTING -- REGULATORY OVERSIGHT -- SEEMINGLY CONTRADICTORY NUMBERS -- VERY SMALL PROBABILITIES -- FINGERPRINTS AND UNIQUENESS -- DESIGNATING POPULATION GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS -- THE NATURE OF OUR RECOMMENDATIONS -- 2 Genetic and Molecular Basis of DNA Typing -- FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS1 -- VNTR TYPING -- PCR-BASED METHODS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 Ensuring High Standards of Laboratory Performance -- QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE LABORATORY -- Current QC and QA Guidelines -- The Role of Proficiency-Testing and Audits -- SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ERROR -- Sample Mishandling and Data-Recording Errors -- Faulty Reagents, Equipment, Controls, or Technique -- Evidence Contamination -- Analyst Bias -- SHOULD AN ERROR RATE BE INCLUDED IN CALCULATIONS? -- RETESTING -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Laboratory Errors -- Proficiency Tests -- Duplicate Tests -- 4 Population Genetics -- ALLELE AND GENOTYPE PROPORTIONS -- RANDOM MATING AND HARDY-WEINBERG PROPORTIONS -- HW Proportions in a Large Sample -- Exclusion Power of a Locus -- DEPARTURES FROM HW PROPORTIONS -- Inbreeding and Kinship -- Population Subgroups -- SUBPOPULATION THEORY -- TAKING POPULATION STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT -- MULTIPLE LOCI AND LINKAGE EQUILIBRIUM -- How Much Departure from LE is Expected? -- What Do the VNTR Data Show? -- RELATIVES -- PERSONS FROM THE SAME SUBPOPULATION -- PCR-BASED SYSTEMS -- A Conservative Rule for PCR Loci -- DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SYSTEMS -- INADEQUATE DATABASES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Evidence DNA and Suspect from the Same Subgroup -- Insufficient Data -- Dealing with Relatives -- APPENDIX 4A -- 5 Statistical Issues -- DATA SOURCES -- MATCH PROBABILITY AND LIKELIHOOD RATIO -- Mixed Samples -- Bayes's Theorem.

Bayes's Theorem in Criminal Cases -- TWO FALLACIES -- SUSPECT IDENTIFIED BY A DNA DATABASE SEARCH -- VERY SMALL PROBABILITIES -- UNIQUENESS -- STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF VNTR ANALYSIS -- Determining a Match -- Binning -- Floating bins -- Fixed bins -- CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR MATCH PROBABILITIES -- ALLELES WITH LOW FREQUENCY -- INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY AND EMPIRICAL COMPARISONS -- Geographical Subdivision -- Differences Among Subgroups -- Different Races -- MORE CONSERVATIVE FORMULAE -- THE CEILING PRINCIPLES -- DIRECT COUNT FROM A DATABASE -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Statistical Issues -- Database Searches -- Uniqueness -- Matching and Binning -- Ceiling Principles -- Further Research -- APPENDIX 5A -- APPENDIX 5B -- APPENDIX 5C -- 6 DNA Evidence in the Legal System -- LEGAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES -- The Defendant's Right to Discovery -- Expertise -- General Acceptance and Sound Methodology -- Balancing and Weight -- Trends in the Admissibility of DNA Evidence -- TYPING METHODS -- VNTR Profiling -- PCR-Based Testing -- LABORATORY ERROR -- Population and Subpopulation Frequencies -- Convenience Samples -- The Disagreement About Substructure -- Ceiling Frequencies in Court -- EXPLAINING THE MEANING OF A MATCH -- The Necessity for Quantitative Estimates -- Qualitative Testimony on Uniqueness or Infrequency -- Quantitative Assessments: Frequencies and Match Probabilities -- Quantitative Assessments: Likelihood Ratios and Posterior Odds -- Importance of Behavioral Research -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX 6A -- Abbreviations -- Glossary1 A -- Biographical Information -- COMMITTEE CHAIR -- COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- COMMITTEE ADVISOR -- STAFF -- Acknowledgments -- References2 -- Index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.