Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup.

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- COMPLEXITY OF THE CONTAMINATED SUBSURFACE -- PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS -- Capabilities of Pump-and-Treat Systems -- Cleanup Times for Pump-and-Treat Systems -- CAPABILITIES OF ENHANCED PUMP-AND-TREAT AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- Enhanced Pump-and-Treat Systems -- Alternative Technologies -- Barriers to Implementing Enhancements and Alternatives -- CHARACTERIZING SITES FOR GROUND WATER CLEANUP -- SETTING GOALS FOR GROUND WATER CLEANUP -- CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- Complexity of the Subsurface -- Performance of Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems -- Capabilities of Innovative Technologies -- Characterizing Sites -- Setting Cleanup Goals -- 1 The Ground Water Cleanup Controversy -- HISTORY OF GROUND WATER CLEANUP -- Legislation -- Early Research -- Sources of Contamination -- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM -- CAPABILITIES OF CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES -- THE POTENTIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Complexity of the Contaminated Subsurface -- THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT -- Physical Characteristics -- Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers -- Ground Water Flow -- The Effect of Pumping on Flow -- Geochemical Characteristics -- Biological Characteristics -- CONTAMINANTS IN GROUND WATER -- Inorganic Compounds -- Organic Compounds -- Mechanics of Migration -- Aqueous-Phase Transport -- Vapor-Phase Transport -- NAPL Transport -- Mechanisms for Retention -- Sorption and Ion Exchange -- NAPL Entrapment -- Degradation Reactions -- Microbial Transformations -- Abiotic Transformations -- SPATIAL VARIABILITY -- Physical Heterogeneity -- Chemical Heterogeneity -- Source Variability -- RESEARCH NEEDS FOR IMPROVING UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTAMINATED SUBSURFACE -- Subsurface Characteristics.

Contaminant Distribution and Transport -- Reaction Pathways and Rates -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Performance of Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems -- HOW PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS WORK -- PREVIOUS STUDIES OF PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS -- FEASIBILITY OF CLEANUP WITH PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS -- Influence of Contaminant Chemistry and Site Geology -- Influence of the Quantity and Duration of Contamination -- CATEGORIZING SITES FOR CLEANUP -- Cleanup of Sites in Category 1 -- Cleanup of Sites in Category 2 -- Cleanup of Sites in Category 3 -- Cleanup of Sites in Category 4 -- Appropriate Uses for Pump-and-Treat Systems -- CLEANUP TIMES FOR PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS -- Processes That Affect Cleanup Time -- Methods for Estimating Cleanup Times -- Example 1: The Effect of Heterogeneities on Cleanup Time -- Example 2: The Effect of Residual Napls on Cleanup Time -- Example 3: The Effect of Dnapl Pools on Cleanup Time -- Determining Technical Impracticability Based on Cleanup Time -- IMPROVING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE THROUGH PROCESS MONITORING -- What To Monitor -- Modifying Existing Pump-and-Treat Systems -- RESEARCH NEEDS FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF PUMP-AND TREAT SYSTEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Capabilities of Enhanced Pump-and-Treat and Alternative Technologies -- ENHANCED PUMP-AND TREAT SYSTEMS -- Demonstrated Technologies -- Soil Vapor Extraction -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Bioremediation-Hydrocarbons -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Bioventing -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Technologies in Development -- Pulsed and Variable Pumping -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Bioremediation-Chlorinated Solvents -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Bioremediation-Metals.

Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Air Sparging -- Description -- Application -- Other Configurations -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Soil Flushing -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Chemical Treatment -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Thermal Technologies -- Description -- Application -- Steam-Enhanced Extraction -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Radio Frequency Heating -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- Intrinsic Bioremediation -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- Containment Technologies -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- In Situ Reactive Barriers -- Description -- Application -- Limitations -- Advantages -- IMPORTANCE OF COMBINING PROCESSES -- RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENHANCEMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES -- BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- Technology Development Phase -- Technical Barriers -- Institutional Barriers -- Economic Barriers -- Technology Selection Phase -- Technical Barriers -- Institutional Barriers -- Economic Barriers -- Technology Implementation/Procurement Phase -- Technical Barriers -- Institutional Barriers -- Economic Barriers -- Adequacy of Action to Address Barriers -- Overcoming Technical Barriers -- Overcoming Institutional Barriers -- Overcoming Economic Barriers -- RESEARCH NEEDS FOR ADVANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES -- Engineered And Intrinsic In Situ Bioremediation -- Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging -- Containment Technologies -- Treatment Methods For Inorganic Compounds -- EDUCATIONAL NEEDS -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 5 Characterizing Sites For Ground Water Cleanup -- GOAL OF CHARACTERIZATION -- PLUME VERSUS SOURCE.

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- DATA REQUIREMENTS -- Horizontal And Vertical Extent Of Contamination -- Locations of Contaminant Source Areas -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Restoration Potential -- STAGES OF SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Setting Goals For Ground Water Cleanup -- CURRENT CLEANUP GOALS -- Cleanup Goals Under CERCLA -- Cleanup Goals under RCRA -- Exceptions to Goals Based on Drinking Water Standards -- ALTERNATIVE CLEANUP GOALS -- Unrestricted Use Goals -- Complete Cleanup -- Cleanup to Background/Detection Limits -- Cleanup to Health-Based Levels -- Partially Restricted Use Goals -- Technology-Based Goals -- Restricted Use: Degradation with Containment -- Comparing the Alternatives -- HEALTH RISKS OF CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER -- Evidence from Epidemiologic Studies -- Limitations of Epidemiologic Studies -- Results from Existing Epidemiologic Studies -- Evidence from Animal Studies -- Evaluating the Evidence: Risk Assessment -- Uncertainty in the Evidence of Health Risks -- ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION -- Impacts on Organisms in Ground Water -- Impacts on Terrestrial Plants -- Impacts on Organisms in Surface Water -- Importance of Ecological Impacts -- ECONOMICS OF GROUND WATER CLEANUP -- National Cleanup Costs -- Site-Level Cleanup Costs -- Benefits of Ground Water Cleanup -- THE COMPLEXITY OF SELECTING CLEANUP GOALS -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 7 Policy Implications of a Technical Problem -- COMPONENTS OF GROUND WATER CLEANUP POLICY -- KEY POLICIES ADDRESSING THE TECHNICAL UNCERTAINTY OF GROUND WATER CLEANUP -- Early Action Policy -- DNAPL Policy -- Technical Impracticability Policy -- Programs For Innovative Technology Development -- IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES -- Broad And Equivalent Application of Policies To All Sites.

Vigorous Efforts to Ensure That New Guidance is Applied at The Site Level -- Continuous Program Evaluation -- Routine Use of Scientific Experts -- Development of A Mechanism For Long-Term Site Management -- SUMMARY OF POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in this Study -- NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS -- Site References -- Chemical Names -- B Glossary -- C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff -- Committee Members -- Committee Staff -- Index -- Other Recent Reports Of The Water Science And Technology Board.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.