Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists.

Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CHARGE -- FINDINGS -- IMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- The Impact of Foreign Nationals -- Responsibility for Effecting Change -- 1 Introduction -- A CAPSULE HISTORY OF AMERICAN RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- THE STRUCTURE OF THE LIFE-SCIENCE ENTERPRISE -- THE SHAPE OF GRADUATE EDUCATION -- THE POSTDOCTORAL EXPERIENCE -- THE PURSUIT OF A JOB -- THE PURSUIT OF RESEARCH SUPPORT -- THE CHARACTER OF THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Education and Research Training of Life-Science PHDS -- PHDS AWARDED IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- TIME REQUIRED TO ATTAIN THE PHD -- POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING -- LENGTH OF POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING -- FIELD AND OTHER DIFFERENCES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Early-Career Employment Profiles of Life-Science PHDS -- FACULTY POSITIONS -- EMPLOYMENT IN GOVERNMENT -- POSITIONS IN INDUSTRY -- OTHER EMPLOYMENT -- POSTDOCTORAL APPOINTMENTS -- INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH -- UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDER USE -- CAREER PATTERNS OF WOMEN AND MEN -- GRADUATES OF TOP-RATED INSTITUTIONS -- FIELD DIFFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Opportunities, Constraints, and Future Needs -- EXCITING EMERGING FIELDS OF INQUIRY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- Neuroscience -- Gene Therapy -- Structural Biology -- Bioinformatics -- Environmental Issues -- Biologic Control of Plant Pests -- Aquaculture -- PROSPECTS FOR RESEARCH FUNDING -- CHANGES FACING HIGHER EDUCATION -- Changes in the Financing of Undergraduate Education -- Difficulties in Recovering the Costs of Externally Supported Research -- Changes in Retention and Hiring of Faculty -- Changes in Academic Health Centers -- Changes in Research and Instruction Dealing with Agriculture and Natural Resources -- CHANGES FACING INDUSTRY -- Doing the Most with the Fewest.

Mergers and Outsourcing -- Applied vs. Fundamental Research -- TRENDS IN GOVERNMENT -- THE DIVERSITY AND SPECTRUM OF CAREERS FOR LIFE-SCIENCE PHDS -- Academic-Career Trends -- Comprehensive Bachelors and Masters Degree Granting Institutions -- Two-Year and Community Colleges -- Secondary Schools -- Trends in Law, Journalism, and Other Fields -- REFERENCES -- 5 Implications of the Findings -- CHANGING CAREER PROSPECTS FOR LIFE-SCIENCE PHDS -- CHANGES IN THE RESEARCH AND TRAINING ENTERPRISE -- IS THERE A PROBLEM? AN ANALYSIS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES -- Administrators and Established Researchers -- Funding Agencies -- Incoming Graduate Students -- Senior Graduate Students -- Postdoctoral Fellows -- Young Investigators -- The American People -- THE CRISIS OF EXPECTATION -- FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUTURE VITALITY OF THE LIFE-SCIENCE ENTERPRISE -- Number of Aspirants -- Balance Between Research Training and Employment Opportunities -- STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMIZING GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING -- Maximizing the Return on Funds Invested in Training -- The Problem of Time to Degree -- EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS OF YOUNG LIFE SCIENTISTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- RESTRAINT OF THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE NUMBER OF GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- DISSEMINATION OF ACCURATE INFORMATION ON THE CAREER PROSPECTS OF YOUNG LIFE SCIENTISTS -- IMPROVEMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- ENHANCEMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDEPENDENCE OF POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS -- ALTERNATIVE PATHS TO CAREERS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN NATIONALS -- RESPONSIBILITY FOR EFFECTING CHANGE -- An Alternative Perspective on Recommendation 3 -- Appendix A Biographic Information -- Appendix B Participants in Public Meeting -- SPEAKERS -- ATTENDED OR SUBMITTED PAPERS -- Appendix C Sources of Data.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL -- Survey of Earned Doctorates -- Data Considerations -- Survey of Doctorate Recipients -- Data Considerations -- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SURVEY OF GRADUATE STUDENTS AND POSTDOCTORATES IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Data Considerations -- Association of American Medical Colleges Medical Faculty Roster System -- Appendix D Doctoral Fields Included for Data Analysis -- AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES -- BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES -- HEALTH SCIENCES -- RELATED SCIENCES -- Appendix E Data Tables for Chapter 2 -- Appendix F Data Tables for Chapter 3 -- Appendix G Getting Started on the World Wide Web: Web Sites of Interest to Young Scientists -- SITES WITH A FOCUS ON YOUNG SCIENTISTS -- NETWORKING AND EDUCATION SITES -- SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES -- NATIONAL AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS OF GRADUATE STUDENTS AND POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS -- GOVERNMENT SITES -- CAREER INFORMATION (JOB LISTINGS AND RELATED INFORMATION) -- NEWS GROUPS. FORUMS FOR DISCUSSION.

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