Aeronautical Technologies for the Twenty-First Century.

Aeronautical Technologies for the Twenty-First Century -- Copyright -- FOREWORD -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE -- NEEDS FOR THE FUTURE -- THE NASA CIVIL AERONAUTICS PROGRAM -- AIRCRAFT OF THE FUTURE -- Advanced Subsonic Aircraft -- High-Speed Civil Transports -- Short-Haul Aircraft -- ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES -- Environmental Issues -- Operational Issues -- AERONAUTICAL DISCIPLINES -- Aerodynamics -- Propulsion -- Materials and Structures -- Avionics and Controls -- Cognitive Engineering -- PART I: OVERVIEW -- 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY -- INTRODUCTION -- MAINTAINING A STRONG AERONAUTICS PROGRAM -- Economic Indicators in Air Transportation -- Benefits of Large Market Share -- REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH -- THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY -- THE CURRENT NASA AERONAUTICS PROGRAM -- PART II: STATUS AND OUTLOOK BY INDUSTRY SEGMENT -- 2 SUBSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT INDUSTRY STATUS -- MARKET FORECAST -- BARRIER ISSUES -- Overall Cost -- System Capacity -- Environmental Compatibility -- NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ADVANCED SUBSONIC TRANSPORTS -- Cost/Convenience -- System Capacity -- Environment -- Safety -- Aircraft Performance -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 3 HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT INDUSTRY STATUS -- MARKET FORECAST -- BARRIERS -- Economic Viability -- Environmental Viability -- NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT -- Environment -- Aircraft Performance -- 4 SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT INDUSTRY STATUS -- The Commuter Market -- The Rotorcraft Market -- The General Aviation Market -- MARKET FORECAST -- Forecast for Commuter Aircraft -- Forecast for Rotorcraft -- Forecast for General Aviation Aircraft -- BARRIERS -- Barriers to Commuter Aircraft -- Barriers to Rotorcraft -- Barriers to General Aviation Aircraft.

NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT -- Cost/Convenience -- System Capacity -- Environment -- Safety -- Aircraft Performance -- RECOMMENDED READING -- PART III: TECHNICAL DISCIPLINES -- 5 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- INTRODUCTION -- EMISSIONS -- NOISE -- SONIC BOOM -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 6 OPERATIONAL ISSUES -- INTRODUCTION -- AIRPORT CAPACITY -- AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -- 7 AERODYNAMICS -- INTRODUCTION -- LOW SPEED AND HIGH LIFT FOR SUBSONIC CONFIGURATIONS -- SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT PROPULSION/AIRFRAME INTEGRATION -- AERODYNAMIC CRUISE PERFORMANCE -- Subsonic Aircraft Cruise Performance -- Laminar Flow Control -- Turbulent Drag Reduction -- Advanced Supercritical Airfoils -- Wing Design -- Winglets -- Status of Subsonic Technology -- Supersonic Aircraft Cruise Performance -- Laminar Flow Control -- Turbulence Models -- Sonic Boom -- Subsonic Cruise -- Status of Supersonic Technology -- LOW SPEED AND HIGH LIFT FOR SUPERSONIC CONFIGURATIONS -- SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT PROPULSION/AIRFRAME INTEGRATION -- Inlets -- Nozzles -- Noise -- AERODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING FLIGHT DYNAMICS -- Subsonic Aircraft -- Supersonic Aircraft -- AERODYNAMICS OF ROTORCRAFT -- State of the Art and Recent Progress -- Analytical Methods -- First-Principle CFD Codes -- Test Methodologies and Facilities -- Design Concepts for Conventional Rotorcraft -- Design Concepts for Convertible Rotorcraft -- Potential for Advancement and Major Challenges-Helicopters -- External Noise -- Vibration -- Internal Noise -- Aerodynamic Interaction -- Major Challenges/Innovative Approaches-Tiltrotors -- Wing Download -- Propulsion Efficiency -- Opportunities Common to Both Helicopters and Tiltrotors -- Composites in Rotor Design -- Aerodynamic Test Facilities -- Resources Required for Rotorcraft -- WIND TUNNEL, FLIGHT, AND AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION TEST FACILITIES.

Existing Facilities -- Wind Tunnels -- Air-breathing Propulsion Facilities -- Flight Test Facilities -- Test Requirements for Future Systems -- Adequacy of Existing Test Facilities to Meet Requirements -- Low Speeds -- Transonic Regime -- Supersonic Regime -- Air-breathing Propulsion -- Computational Fluid Dynamics -- Recommendations for Test and Computational Facilities -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 8 PROPULSION -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPULSION FOR ADVANCED SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT -- State of the Art -- The Future -- Observations for Advanced Subsonic Aircraft -- Recommendations for Advanced Subsonic Aircraft -- PROPULSION FOR HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT -- Propulsion Technology Challenges -- Observations for High-Speed Civil Transport -- Recommendations for High-Speed Civil Transport -- PROPULSION FOR SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT -- 40-75-Passenger Aircraft Market to 2005 -- 19-35-Passenger Aircraft Market to 2005 -- Long-Term Regional Aircraft Market (2005-2020) -- SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AND VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING SYSTEMS -- Engine Requirements -- Enabling Technologies -- Observations for Short-Haul Aircraft -- Recommendations for Short-Haul Aircraft -- HIGH-SPEED COMPUTATION FOR PROPULSION -- Role of NASA -- MATERIALS AND PROCESSING -- Drivers for Materials Development and Requirements for Application -- Special Economic Problems in Materials -- Manufacturing Issues -- Role of NASA in Materials and Manufacturing -- Recommendations for Propulsion Materials -- SMART ENGINES -- Active Fan and Compressor Stabilization -- Active Combustor Control -- Magnetic Bearings -- Active Noise Control -- Recommendations for Smart Engines -- TURBOMACHINERY COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY -- Fluid Mechanics of Turbomachine Elements -- Problems of Multistage Turbomachines -- Combined Computational Fluid Dynamics for Airfoil Rows -- Observations on NASA Turbomachinery Program.

Recommendations for Turbomachinery -- COMBUSTORS AND EMISSIONS -- 9 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES -- INTRODUCTION -- FUNDAMENTAL, BROADLY APPLICABLE RESEARCH -- Materials and Processes -- Metallics -- Composite Materials -- Structural Analysis and Design -- Fabrication -- Resin Matrix Composites -- Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites -- Fabrication Summary -- Test Methods -- Smart Structures -- Durability -- Metals -- Composites -- FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SUBSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT -- Airframe -- Propulsion System -- Rotating Systems -- Fans -- Compressors -- Turbines -- Shafts and Bearings -- Nonrotating Components -- Engine Cases -- Inlets and Nacelles -- Acoustics -- FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT -- Airframe -- Polymer Matrix Composites Technology -- Aluminum Alloys -- Propulsion System -- Combustors -- Nozzles -- FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT -- Commuter Aircraft -- Rotorcraft -- Vibration and Noise Reduction -- Suppression of Tiltrotor Aircraft Whirl Flutter -- Damage-Tolerant Structure for Dynamic System Components -- Design of Transmission Components -- General Aviation -- REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Advanced Materials -- Airframe Applications -- Engine Applications -- Smart Structures and Active Control -- Acoustics -- Regulatory Aspects -- Recommendations for NASA -- Fundamental and Technology Development Research -- Airframe-Specific Research -- Engine-Specific Research -- Acoustics -- 10 AVIONICS AND CONTROL -- INTRODUCTION -- FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT -- Navigation, Guidance, and Performance/Mission Management -- Communications -- Collision Avoidance -- Bad Weather Detection and Avoidance -- Unique Rotorcraft Requirements -- PILOT/VEHICLE INTERFACE -- Simulation -- Cockpit Display Technology -- Cockpit Control Technology.

Unique Synthetic Vision/Virtual Reality Considerations -- AVIONICS AND CONTROLS INTEGRATION -- Hardware -- Software -- Functionality -- Architecture -- Verification &amp -- Validation -- CONTROL FUNCTIONAL APPLICATION -- Controllability and Maneuverability -- Load Alleviation and Ride Control -- Engine Control -- Aerodynamic Flow Control -- Noise Reduction -- AIRCRAFT POWER AND ACTUATION -- Power Sources -- Actuation -- 11 COGNITIVE ENGINEERING -- INTRODUCTION -- VISIONS FOR 2020-PRECEDENTS AND CONTEXT FOR RESEARCH ACTION -- Aeronautical Vehicle Visions for 2020 -- Air Transportation System Visions for 2020 -- Supervisory Telerobotic Human/Machine Systems Visions for 2020 -- TO MAKE GOOD THE VISIONS -- THE CHALLENGES -- SAFETY ENHANCEMENT IN THE AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM -- Human Error Theories for Aeronautical Applications -- General -- Criteria for Useful Theories of Human Error in Aviation -- Available Approaches to Theories of Human Error -- Open- and Closed-Loop System Categories -- Divided Attention Theory of Error -- Open-Loop Theories-Discrete Commands and Demands -- Slips and Mistakes -- Statistical Decision Theory -- Theories for Closed-Loop Situations -- Human and Systems Performance Measurement for Assessment of Human Error Potential -- Correlation of Theories with Available Data -- Aviation-Relevant Scenarios and Experimental Outlines for Evolution and Validation of Theories -- Alleviation of Error-Error-Tolerant Systems -- Selection and Training -- Surveillance by Independent Systems -- Operator Status Assessment -- Operational Strategy and Tactics-Training for Abnormal Situations -- Error-Tolerant Design -- Human/Automation System Interaction Characteristics -- Situation Awareness Displays -- ASSURANCE OF VALID AND RELIABLE SYSTEM OPERATIONS -- EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION -- Total System Perspective.

Machine-Aided Information Acquisition, Processing, and Decision Making.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.