Activated Sludge - 100 Years and Counting.

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- About the authors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Ardern and Lockett remembrance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Invention of AS -- 1.2.1 The context -- 1.2.2 The discovery -- 1.3 Aftermath of the Invention -- 1.3.1 Accelerated implementation -- 1.3.2 The patent -- 1.4 Subsequent Developments -- 1.5 Future Prospects -- 1.6 Acknowledgements -- 1.7 References -- Chapter 2: Wastewater treatment requirements through the years (exemplified by the development in Germany) -- 2.1 Introduction - The Emergence of Systematic Wastewater Treatment (In Germany) -- 2.2 Developing Wastewater Treatment Characteristics - From Quasi-Aesthetic Considerations to Chemical, Biological and Health Considerations -- 2.3 From Consideration of One Specific Point of Discharge to Integral Analysis of an Entire Water Basin -- 2.4 From Corrections of Today's Water Pollution Problems to Achieving Wholesomeness of Water for Future Generations -- 2.5 How To Guarantee That Standards Are Met (Operative and Administrative Instruments) -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks - Issues Not Considered -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3: Activated sludge process development -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Beginning - 1882-1914 -- 3.3 Rapid Acceptance of AS - 1914-1930 -- 3.4 The Beginning of AS Patents -- 3.5 Further Process Understanding and Innovation - 1930-1970 -- 3.6 The Age of the Selector and BNR - 1970-1990 -- 3.7 Smaller Footprint, Higher Effluent Quality - 1990-The Present -- 3.8 The Future of AS -- 3.9 References -- Chapter 4: Microbiology and microbial ecology of the activated sludge process -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Which Bacteria are Present? - Culturing and Light Microscopy -- 4.3 Identity and Function Revealed by the Molecular Tools - From the Early 1990s -- 4.4 The Modern Tools - The NGS Era - Since Early 2000.

4.5 Comprehensive Ecosystem Model - Where Are We Today? -- 4.6 The Future -- 4.7 References -- Chapter 5: Nitrogen -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 N in domestic wastewater -- 5.2 The N Cycle -- 5.3 Historical Aspects of Biological N Removal -- 5.4 Conventional N Removal -- 5.5 Innovative N Removal Approaches -- 5.5.1 Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification -- 5.5.2 Shortcut N removal -- 5.5.3 Deammonification -- 5.5.4 Nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO) -- 5.6 Emerging Topics in Biological N Removal -- 5.6.1 Nitrogen oxide production and emission during nitrification and denitrification -- 5.6.2 Structure and function of chemoorganoheterotrophic denitrification -- 5.6.3 Refractory dissolved organic N -- 5.7 N Removal in the Future -- 5.8 References -- Chapter 6: Phosphorus removal in activated sludge -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Early History -- 6.3 Development of Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) -- 6.4 Process Configurations for BNR -- 6.5 Acid Fermentation for Production of VFAs -- 6.5.1 Fermentation of primary sludge -- 6.5.2 Fermentation of MLSS or RAS -- 6.6 Secondary Release of P -- 6.7 Historical and Scientific Perspective -- 6.7.1 Intensive research -- 6.7.2 Microbiology -- 6.7.3 Biochemical models -- 6.7.4 GAO/PAO competition -- 6.8 Development of Mathematical Models -- 6.9 P Removal in Aerobic Granular Sludge -- 6.10 Reliability of EBPR -- 6.11 Resource Recovery -- 6.12 References -- Chapter 7: Micro-pollutant removal -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fate of Micropollutants in as Treatment -- 7.3 Biological Transformation Products -- 7.4 Measures to be Taken to Improve Micro-Pollutant Removal and their Effect on as Treatment -- 7.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- 7.6 References -- Chapter 8: Aeration and mixing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Development of Modern Aeration and Mixing Systems -- 8.3 Aeration Systems.

8.3.1 General information -- 8.3.2 Table of standard values for aeration systems -- 8.4 Approaches for the Optimization of Aeration Systems -- 8.4.1 Dimensioning of different oxygen demand loads -- 8.4.2 Adjustment to seasonal changes in MLSS concentration -- 8.4.3 Adjustment AS tank oxygen concentration according to the treatment goal -- 8.4.4 Control of compressed air generation -- 8.4.5 Measures to avoid efficiency reduction -- 8.5 Aeration Systems in Cold and Warm Climate Regions -- 8.6 Mixing Systems -- 8.6.1 Types of mixing systems -- 8.6.2 Dimensioning of mixing facilities -- 8.7 Perspectives and Outlook -- 8.8 References -- Chapter 9: Air emissions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Regulations and Legislation -- 9.3 AS Emissions Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 AS aeration basins overview -- 9.3.2 Air emissions inventory programs -- 9.4 Impacts and Treatment of Emissions -- 9.4.1 Odorous emissions -- 9.4.2 Air toxics and VOCs -- 9.4.3 GHG emissions -- 9.5 Techniques Used to Assess Emissions -- 9.6 Conclusions -- 9.7 References -- Chapter 10: Activated sludge solids separation -- 10.1 Requirements and Measurement of Separation -- 10.1.1 Requirements for good AS separation -- 10.1.2 Basic measurements -- 10.1.3 Microscopic examination of floc structure -- 10.2 AS Separation Problems -- 10.3 Filamentous Bulking Control Methods -- 10.3.1 Theory and causes of filamentous bulking -- 10.3.2 Principles of selection -- 10.3.3 Practical measures for controlling filamentous bulking -- 10.4 Control of Microfloc Formation -- 10.5 Control of Viscous Bulking -- 10.6 Control of AS Foaming -- 10.7 Future Outlook -- 10.8 References -- Chapter 11: Secondary clarifiers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sizing and Rating -- 11.2.1 Overview -- 11.2.2 The first 50 years (1913-1963) -- 11.2.3 The second 50 years (1964-2013) -- 11.3 Operational Aspects of Secondary Clarifiers.

11.3.1 Managing mixed liquor with different sludge settling properties -- 11.3.2 Operational strategies for dynamic flow rates -- 11.3.3 Influences of nitrification and biological nutrient removal -- 11.4 Rectangular Secondary Clarifiers -- 11.4.1 Overview -- 11.4.2 Overflow rate and depth -- 11.4.3 Sludge removal -- 11.4.4 Inlet structure -- 11.4.5 Outlet structure -- 11.5 Circular Secondary Clarifiers -- 11.5.1 Overview -- 11.5.2 The first 50 years (1913-1963) -- 11.5.3 The second 50 years (1964-2013) -- 11.6 Future Trends -- 11.6.1 Overview -- 11.6.2 CFD models for design -- 11.6.3 Possibilities to increase capacity -- 11.7 References -- Chapter 12: Energy considerations -- 12.1 Historical Development and Scientific Progress -- 12.1.1 Introduction -- 12.1.2 Evolution of treatment efficiency from BOD removal only to nitrification, nutrient and micro-pollutant removal -- 12.1.3 Recent development of legal requirements for treatment efficiency (in developed countries) -- 12.2 Energy Content of Wastewater -- 12.3 Energy Consumption of Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 12.3.1 Introduction -- 12.3.2 Auditing and benchmarking -- 12.3.3 Economic considerations -- 12.3.4 Energy consumption of AS process -- 12.3.5 Pre-treatment by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors -- 12.3.6 Other energy consumers (Hardware) -- 12.3.7 Wastewater treatment process developments for reduction of energy consumption -- 12.4 Energy Production at WWTPS -- 12.4.1 Anaerobic sludge digestion -- 12.4.2 Increase of energy recovery from sludge digestion by enhanced solids degradation -- 12.4.3 Thermal sludge treatment -- 12.4.4 Heat recovery and utilization -- 12.5 Showcase of Low Energy Municipal Nutrient Removal Plant: Strass, Austria (90,000-200,000 PE) -- 12.6 Future Developments -- 12.6.1 Introduction -- 12.6.2 Mainstream anammox -- 12.6.3 Energy management tools.

12.7 Final Statement Regarding Energy Considerations -- 12.8 References -- Chapter 13: Automation and control -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Role of Control and Automation -- 13.3 Disturbances -- 13.4 The Early Years of Automation and Control -- 13.5 The Demand -- 13.6 Computers and Information Technology -- 13.7 Observing the Process-Measuring and Monitoring -- 13.8 Controllability - Manipulating The Process -- 13.8.1 Control variables -- 13.8.2 Actuators -- 13.9 Dynamic Modeling and Simulation -- 13.9.1 The importance of dynamics -- 13.9.2 Modeling -- 13.10 Unit Process Control -- 13.10.1 DO control -- 13.10.2 Recycle flow controls -- 13.10.3 Hedging point strategies -- 13.10.4 Chemical precipitation control -- 13.11 From Unit Process to Plant-Wide -- 13.12 Conclusions -- 13.13 References -- Chapter 14: Modelign -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Fundamentals -- 14.2.1 Growth - Monod kinetics -- 14.2.2 Reduced yield -- 14.2.3 Yield coefficient and endogenous respiration rate -- 14.2.4 Inert endogenous residue generation -- 14.2.5 Substrate description - BOD, COD or TOC -- 14.2.6 Wastewater COD fractions -- 14.3 The First AS Models -- 14.3.1 Empirical models -- 14.3.2 Kinetic models -- 14.4 Extended AS Models -- 14.4.1 Anoxic yield -- 14.4.2 Substrate storage -- 14.4.3 Influent colloidal material -- 14.4.4 Specific substrates and biomasses -- 14.4.5 Nitrification -- 14.4.6 P removal -- 14.4.7 pH -- 14.4.8 Gas Transfer -- 14.4.9 Precipitation -- 14.5 Modeling in Practice -- 14.5.1 Whole plant models -- 14.5.2 Engineering use -- 14.5.3 Research -- 14.6 Acknowledgements -- 14.7 References -- Chapter 15: Hybrid systems -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 An Overview of Hybrid Systems -- 15.2.1 Separated fixed-film, AS systems -- 15.2.2 Integrated fixed-film AS system (IFAS) -- 15.3 The MBBR IFAS System -- 15.3.1 Objectives and applications -- 15.3.2 Nitrification.

15.3.3 Denitrification.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.