Fundamentals of Solid-Propellant Combustion.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Survey of Rocket Propellants and Their Combustion Characteristics -- Performance of a Solid-Propellant Rocket Motor -- Stable Combustion of a Rocket Motor -- Temperature Sensitivity of Burning Rate -- Thermochemical Properties of Propellant Ingredients -- Thermochemical Properties of Propellant Combustion Products -- Combustion Processes of Various Types of Solid Propellants -- Double-Base Propellants -- Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellants -- Composite Modified Double-Base Propellants -- Nitramine Composite Propellants -- Burning Rate Controlling Factors of Solid Propellants -- Combustion Characteristics Required for Solid Propellants and General Description of the Combustion Wave -- Heat-Transfer Mechanism in Combustion Waves -- Heat Transfer in Solid Phase -- Heat Transfer in Gas Phase -- Reaction Rate in Gas Phase -- Burning Rate of Solid Propellant Calculated by a Simplified Gas-Phase Model -- Chapter 2. Chemistry of Ignition and Combustion of Ammonium-Perchlorate-Based Propellants -- Chemistry of Ignition -- Sequence of Ignition -- Theories of Ignition -- Role of Oxidizer and Binder -- Effect of Pressure -- Effect of Oxidizing Atmosphere -- Ignition of Composite Propellant Fuels by HClO(sub[4]) Vapor -- Preignition Reactions -- Effect of Catalysts on Ignition -- Chemistry of Combustion -- Introduction to Combustion Mechanism -- Surface Reactions -- Subsurface Reactions -- Gas-Phase Reactions -- Effect of Catalysts on Propellant Combustion -- Future Research Directions -- Chapter 3. The Thermal Behavior of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) -- Crystallography -- Sublimation of HMX -- Decomposition of the Solid RDX and HMX -- Liquefaction -- Decomposition of Liquid -- Pyrolysis of HMX.

Shock Tube Studies -- Ignition of HMX -- Self-Deflagration of HMX and RDX -- Self-Deflagration Rate as a Function of Pressure -- Self-Deflagration Rate as a Function of Pressure and Initial Sample Temperature -- Surface Structure of Self-Deflagrating HMX -- Chapter 4. Chemistry of Nitrate Ester and Nitramine Propellants -- Decomposition of Nitrocellulose -- Kinetics of Nitrocellulose Decomposition -- Products and Mechanism of Nitrocellulose Decomposition -- Plasticizers and Stabilizers in Nitrocellulose Decomposition -- Catalysis of Nitrate Ester Propellants -- Decomposition of Nitramines -- Kinetics of HMX and RDX Decomposition -- Products and Mechanism of HMX and RDX Pyrolysis -- Catalysis of Nitramine Propellants -- Flame Zone Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Solid-Propellant Ignition Theories and Experiments -- Introduction -- Radiant Energy Ignition Sources -- Shock Tube and Other Ignition Experiments -- Theoretical Models of Solid-Propellant Ignition and Related Theory -- Comments on Solution Methods -- Solid-Phase Reaction Mechanism Theory -- Theory of Ignition by Heterogeneous Reaction with External Oxidizer -- Gas-Phase Theory of Solid-Propellant Ignition -- Gas-Phase Theory-Shock Tube Cases -- Gas-Phase Theory-Radiant Heat Input -- Chapter 6. Flame Spreading and Overall Ignition Transient -- Ignition and Thrust Transients in Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors -- Ignition Devices or Igniters -- Physical Processes during Ignition Transient -- Ignition Transient Models and Experiments -- Flame Spreading over Solid Propellants and Fuels -- Flame-Spreading Mechanisms -- Flame-Spreading Theories and Experiments -- Flame Spreading into Solid-Propellant Cracks and Flaws -- Physical Processes during Flame Spreading and Combustion in Propellant Defects -- Theories and Experiments on Flame Spreading in Propellant Cracks.

Chapter 7. Steady-State Burning of Homogeneous Propellants -- General Behavior and Flame Structure of Homogeneous Propellants -- Burning Rate Laws: Influence of Additives -- Detailed Study of the Combustion Mechanisms in the Condensed Phase -- Degradation of the Propellant -- Condensed-Phase Degradation Gases -- Condensed-Phase Behavior of the Additive -- Detailed Study of the Combustion Mechanisms in the Gas Phase -- Primary and Secondary Flame Regimes -- Primary Flame Structure with/without Additives -- Mechanisms of Super-Rate and Plateau or Mesa Effects -- Chapter 8. Steady-State Burning of Composite Propellants under Zero Cross-Flow Situation -- Various Combustion Models of Composite Solid Propellants -- The Guirao-Williams Model for AP Combustion -- The Granular Diffusion Flame Model -- The Hermance Model for Propellant Combustion -- The Beckstead-Derr-Price Model or the Model of Multiple Flames -- Petite Ensemble Model -- Future Developments -- Chapter 9. Combustion of Metalized Propellants -- Metals as Fuel Ingredients in Propellants -- Metal and Oxide Properties -- Results of Controlled Experiments with Aluminum -- Propellant Combustion -- Effect of Aluminum on Propellant Burning Rate -- Combustion Products -- Future Developments -- Chapter 10. Erosive Burning of Solid Propellants -- Theoretical Approaches to Erosive Burning -- Classification of Erosive Burning Theories -- Recent Theoretical Approaches -- Summary of Theoretical Work -- Experimental Work on Erosive Burning -- Experimental Methods -- Recent Experimental Work -- Summary of Experimental Work -- Important Results of Erosive Burning Studies -- Generally Observed Effects of Various Parameters -- Physical Mechanism of Erosive Burning Phenomena -- Recommendation for Future Work -- Chapter 11. Transient Burning of Solid Propellants -- Mechanism of Transient Burning.

Mathematical Description of the Transient Burning Phenomena -- Description of the Existing Models -- dp/dt Models -- Flame Description Approach -- Zel'dovich Approach -- Unsteady State Gas-Phase Models -- Experimental Work in Transient Combustion of Solid Propellants -- Experimental Apparatus Used by Various Researchers -- Results of Parametric Studies -- Future Direction -- Chapter 12. Extinction Theories and Experiments -- Technical Background -- Literature Survey on Dynamic Extinction -- Theoretical Results on Dynamic Extinction by Fast Depressurization -- Experimental Results on Dynamic Extinction by Fast Depressurization -- Dynamic Extinction by Fast Deradiation -- Extinction by Other Quenching Techniques -- Injection of Flame Inhibitors -- Heat Sink -- Miscellaneous Quenching Techniques -- Mathematical Formulation of the Problem -- Nonlinear Burning Stability of Solid Propellants -- Nonlinear Static Burning Stability -- Nonlinear Dynamic Burning Stability -- Numerical and Experimental Validation -- Conclusions and Future Work -- Chapter 13. Experimental Observations of Combustion Instability -- General Features of Instability -- Gains and Losses -- Processes Contributing to Stability -- Combustion Response -- Measuring Combustion Response -- Particulate Damping -- Other Gains and Losses -- Rocket Motor Instabilities -- Bulk Mode Instability -- Transverse Mode Instability -- Axial Mode Instability -- Fluid Dynamically Excited Oscillations -- Effect of Propellant Characteristics on Combustion Instability -- Summary and Recommendations -- Chapter 14. Theoretical Analysis of Combustion Instability -- Linear Analysis of Wave Motion -- Governing Equations -- Acoustic Energy in a Sound Field -- Acoustic Admittance Function -- Linear Analysis -- Acoustic Amplification: Propellant Response Function -- Estimate of Time Scales.

Quasisteady Gas-Phase and Unsteady Solid-Phase Models -- Nonsteady Gas-Phase Model -- Velocity Coupling -- Others -- Acoustic Damping -- Nozzle Response -- Particle Damping -- Others -- Examples of Computing Linear Stability Boundaries -- Nonacoustic Instability -- Nonlinear Analysis -- Comparison of Theory and Experiments -- Chapter 15. Smokeless Propellants -- Chemical Origin of Smoke -- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation of Smoke -- Modeling of Secondary Smoke -- The Dynamics of Secondary Smoke Formation -- Opacity Theory for Visible Light -- Experiments in Secondary Smoke Formation -- Facilities -- SCF Results and Comparison with Models -- AEDC Results and Comparison with Models -- Full-Scale Rocket Motor Tests -- Methods for Reducing Smoke -- Future Research Direction -- Index to Contributors to Volume 90.

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