How Laws are Made in the U.S.A.

Intro -- HOW LAWS ARE MADE IN THE U.S.A. -- HOW LAWS ARE MADE IN THE U.S.A -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- HOW OUR LAWS ARE MADE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE CONGRESS -- III. SOURCES OF LEGISLATION -- IV. FORMS OF CONGRESSIONAL ACTION -- Bills -- A Bill: For the establishment, etc. -- Joint Resolutions -- Joint Resolution: Authorizing, etc. -- Concurrent Resolutions -- Simple Resolutions -- V. INTRODUCTION AND REFERRAL TO COMMITTEE -- VI. CONSIDERATION BY COMMITTEE -- Committee Meetings -- Public Hearings -- Markup -- Final Committee Action -- Points of Order with Respect to Committee Hearing Procedure -- VII. REPORTED BILLS -- Contents of Reports -- Filing of Reports -- Availability of Reports and Hearings -- VIII. LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES -- IX. CALENDARS -- Union Calendar -- House Calendar -- Private Calendar -- Calendar of Motions to Discharge Committees -- X. OBTAINING CONSIDERATION OF MEASURES -- Unanimous Consent -- Special Resolution or "Rule" -- Consideration of Measures Made in Order by Rule Reported from the Committee on Rules -- Motion to Discharge Committee -- Motion to Suspend the Rules -- Calendar Wednesday -- District of Columbia Business -- Questions of Privilege -- Privileged Matters -- XI. CONSIDERATION AND DEBATE -- Committee of the Whole -- Second Reading -- Amendments and the Germaneness Rule -- Congressional Earmarks -- The Committee "Rises" -- House Action -- Motion to Recommit -- Quorum Calls and Rollcalls -- Voting -- Electronic Voting -- Pairing of Members -- System of Lights and Bells -- Recess Authority -- Live Coverage of Floor Proceedings -- XII. CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS -- XIII. ENGROSSMENT AND MESSAGE TO SENATE -- XIV. SENATE ACTION -- Committee Consideration -- Chamber Procedure -- XV. FINAL ACTION ON AMENDED BILL -- Request for a Conference -- Authority of Conferees.

Meetings and Action of Conferees -- Conference Reports -- Custody of Papers -- XVI. BILL ORIGINATING IN SENATE -- XVII. ENROLLMENT -- XVIII. PRESIDENTIAL ACTION -- Veto Message -- Line Item Veto -- XIX. PUBLICATION -- Slip Laws -- Statutes at Large -- United States Code -- APPENDIX SELECT LIST OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS -- Constitution of the United States of America -- House Rules and Manual -- Senate Manual -- Hinds' and Cannon's Precedents of the House of Representatives -- Deschler-Brown Precedents of the United States House of Representatives -- Cannon's Procedure in the House of Representatives -- House Practice, A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House -- Procedure in the U.S. House of Representatives, Fourth Edition (1982) (1987 Supp.) -- Senate Procedure -- Calendars of the House of Representatives and History of Legislation -- Committee Calendars -- Digest of Public General Bills and Resolutions -- Congressional Record -- Journal of the House of Representatives -- Journal of the United States Senate -- United States Statutes at Large -- United States Code -- Federal Register -- Code of Federal Regulations -- Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents -- History of the United States House of Representatives -- The Senate, 1789-1989, Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, Vol. 1 -- Historical Almanac of the United States Senate -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE AND THE AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE PROCESS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SUPPORTING A SYSTEM OF SHARED POWERS -- NONPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR A PARTISAN INSTITUTION -- SERVING ALL THE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS -- SUPPORT THROUGHOUT THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- ENGROSSMENT, ENROLLMENT AND PRESENTATION OF LEGISLATION -- ENGROSSMENT -- ENROLLMENT -- PRESENTATION -- End Notes -- ENROLLMENT OF LEGISLATION: RELEVANT CONGRESSIONAL PROCEDURES.

SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS AND PERSONNEL -- HISTORY OF THE ENROLLMENT PROCESS -- CHANGES IN ENROLLMENT -- ISSUES ARISING AFTER ENACTMENT -- End Notes -- LEGISLATIVE PROCESS: HOW A SENATE BILL BECOMES A LAW -- ATTACHMENT #1: COMMITTEE ACTION -- Committee Hearings -- Committee Markup -- Reporting Legislation -- ATTACHMENT #2: THE AMENDING PROCESS -- The Amending Process -- ATTACHMENT #3: VOTING -- Voting -- ATTACHMENT #4 : CONFERENCE COMMITTEES -- Conference Committees -- ATTACHMENT #5: ENROLLMENT -- Enrollment -- ATTACHMENT #6: PRESIDENTIAL ACTION -- Presidential Action -- INTRODUCING A HOUSE BILL OR RESOLUTION -- DEVELOPING IDEAS FOR LEGISLATION -- DRAFTING LEGISLATION -- INTRODUCING A BILL -- End Note -- INTRODUCING A SENATE BILL OR RESOLUTION -- DEVELOPING IDEAS FOR LEGISLATION -- SENATE OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL -- SEEKING COSPONSORS -- INTRODUCING A BILL OR RESOLUTION -- REFERRAL -- End Notes -- OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL: HOUSE -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND AND HISTORY -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS -- CONTACT INFORMATION -- End Notes -- OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL: SENATE -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND AND HISTORY1 -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS -- End Notes -- RESOLVING LEGISLATIVE DIFFERENCES IN CONGRESS: CONFERENCE COMMITTEES AND AMENDMENTS BETWEEN THE HOUSES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NEED FOR RESOLUTION -- SELECTION OF THE MEASURE -- TWO METHODS OF RESOLUTION -- AMENDMENTS BETWEEN THE HOUSES -- CONSIDERATION OF SENATE AMENDMENTS BY THE HOUSE -- CONSIDERATION OF HOUSE AMENDMENTS BY THE SENATE -- THE INFORMAL ALTERNATIVE TO CONFERENCE -- THE STAGE OF DISAGREEMENT -- ARRANGING FOR A CONFERENCE -- SELECTION OF CONFEREES -- INSTRUCTING CONFEREES -- RESTRICTIONS ON THE AUTHORITY OF CONFEREES -- CONFERENCE PROCEDURES AND REPORTS -- FLOOR CONSIDERATION OF CONFERENCE REPORTS -- AMENDMENTS IN TRUE DISAGREEMENT.

AMENDMENTS IN TECHNICAL DISAGREEMENT -- HOUSE CONSIDERATION OF NONGERMANE SENATE AMENDMENTS -- End Notes -- SOURCES OF LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS: A DESCRIPTIVE INTRODUCTION -- SUMMARY -- Individual Members -- Committee and Subcommittees -- Informal Groups -- Executive Branch -- State and Local Government -- Supreme Court -- Foreign Governments -- Constituents -- Advocacy and Lobby Groups -- Press -- SPONSORSHIP AND COSPONSORSHIP OF HOUSE BILLS -- SPONSORSHIP OF A BILL -- COSPONSORSHIP OF A BILL -- GAINING COSPONSORS -- End Notes -- SPONSORSHIP AND COSPONSORSHIP OF SENATE BILLS -- SPONSORSHIP OF A BILL -- COSPONSORSHIP OF A BILL -- End Notes -- THE AMENDING PROCESS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION1 -- DISTINCTIONS AMONG AMENDMENTS -- Degrees of Amendments -- Forms of Amendments -- Effects of Amendments -- Amendments in the Nature of Substitutes for Measures -- DRAFTING AMENDMENTS -- PRINCIPLES AND PROHIBITIONS -- In General -- Committee Amendments -- General Principles -- The Germaneness Rule -- OFFERING AND DEBATING AMENDMENTS -- In the House -- In Committee of the Whole and the House -- General Debate -- Reading Measures for Amendment -- Offering Amendments -- Debating Amendments -- After the Committee Rises and Reports -- Procedures for Amendments on Which the Votes of Delegates Were Decisive -- The Motion to Recommit -- In the House as in Committee of the Whole -- Under Suspension of the Rules -- THE AMENDMENT TREE -- Motions to Insert and to Strike Out and Insert -- Motion to Strike Out -- Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute for a Measure -- SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR TAX AND APPROPRIATIONS MEASURES -- MAKING AND RESERVING POINTS OF ORDER -- SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF SPECIAL RULES -- SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION -- House of Representatives -- House Parliamentarian -- End Notes -- THE AMENDING PROCESS IN THE SENATE.

SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- OFFERING AND DEBATING AMENDMENTS -- Unanimous Consent Agreements -- CLASSIFICATION OF AMENDMENTS -- Degree -- Form -- Type -- Class -- PRECEDENCE AMONG AMENDMENTS -- THE AMENDMENT TREES -- With an Amendment to Insert Pending -- With an Amendment to Strike Out and Insert Pending -- With an Amendment to Strike Out Pending -- With an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute Pending -- Motions to Commit or Recommit and Amendment Trees -- RESTRICTIONS ON AMENDMENTS -- In General -- Germaneness and Relevancy -- On General Appropriations Measures -- POINTS OF ORDER AGAINST AMENDMENTS -- MODIFICATION, WITHDRAWAL AND DIVISION OF AMENDMENTS -- Modification of Amendments -- Withdrawal of Amendments -- Division of Amendments -- VOTING ON AMENDMENTS -- AMENDMENTS UNDER CLOTURE -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.

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