The Marine Environment : Ecology, Management and Conservation.

Intro -- THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION -- THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: DESALINATION IMPACTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Water requirements -- Water Sources -- DESALINATION AS A WATER SOURCE -- Desalination Global Development. Leading Countries -- Water Desalination Technologies -- Multi-Stage Flash Thermal Distillation Desalination (MSF) -- Reverse Osmosis Desalination Technology (RO) -- THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DESALINATION PROJECTS. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES -- Environmental Impact by Type of Desalination Process -- Desalination Plant Location -- Impacts during the Construction Phase. Prevention and Mitigation Measures -- Terrestrial Environment -- Marine Environment -- Impacts during the Operation Phase of the Plant -- Energy Requirements -- Water Intake -- Effluent Waste Product Disposal -- IMPACT OF BRINE DISCHARGES INTO THE SEA -- Characteristics of the Desalination Effluent Waste Product -- Behaviour of Brine into the Sea -- Brine Discharge Systems -- Impacts on the Marine Environment. Prevention and Mitigation Measures -- Effects on Water Quality. Chemical pollution, Anoxia and Turbidity -- Impacts on Marine Ecosystems -- Effects on Plankton and Invertebrates -- Effects on Fish Fauna -- Effects on Coral Reefs -- Effects on Seagrasses and Algae -- Summary of Brine Discharge Impacts on the Marine Environment -- Brine Discharge Modeling -- Symplifying Assumptions -- Governing Equations -- Equation of Continuity (Mass Conservation) -- Equation of momentum conservation -- Transport equation (Conservation of Solute mass) -- Equation of State -- Model Types According to Mathematical Approach -- Models based on a dimensional analysis of the phenomenon.

Models based on the integration of differential equations -- Hydrodynamics Models -- Commercial Tools for Simplified Brine Discharge Modelling -- Methodology of Environmental Assessment for Desalination Projects -- Marine Environmental Monitoring Programmes -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION - A BRIEF HISTORY OF GOVERNANCE OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 2. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Its Development and Scope -- 2.1.1. Developments Leading to UNCLOS Convention -- Convention on Territorial Sea and The Contiguous Zone (Entered Into Force 10 September 1964) -- Convention on the High Seas (Entered Into Force 30 September 1962) -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas (Entered into Force 20 March 1966) -- Convention of the Continental Shelf (Entry into Force 10 June 1964) -- Optional Protocol of Signature Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (Entry into Force 30 September 1962) -- 2.1.2. Scope of the UNCLOS Convention -- 2.2. The 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) -- 2.2.2. Impacts of 1972 UNCHE and the Need for a New UN Conference on Environment and Development -- 2.3. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992: Background and Key Outputs -- 2.3.1. Rio Declaration 1992 -- 2.3.2. Agenda 21 - The United Nations Programme for Action from Rio, 1992 -- 2.3.3. The Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 -- 2.3.4. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 -- 2.3.5. Other Outputs of UNCED 1992 -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO): HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND MAIN CONVENTIONS.

3.1. History of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization -- 3.2. Structure of the IMO and its Committees -- 3.3. The Main Conventions Administered by the IMO -- 3.3.1. International Convention on Load Lines 1966 and its Protocol of 1988 (LLC) -- 3.3.2. International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea 1974 and its Protocols of 1978 and 1988 (SOLAS) -- 3.3.3. International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and its Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) -- 3.3.4. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1978 (STCW) -- 3.3.5. Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREG) -- 3.4. Summary -- 4. MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING ON PORT STATE CONTROL (MOUS) AND MOU REGIMES -- 4.2. Ensuring Compliance through Vessel Inspection -- 4.3. Summary -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3: ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MARINE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE BEAGLE CHANNEL, ARGENTINA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Importance of Studies Diversity of Marine Bacteria -- 1.2. Extremophiles Microorganisms as Wide Diversity in Marine Environment -- 1.3. Marine Bacteria as Sources for Novel Enzymes -- 1.3.1. Economic Importance of the Biotechnological Applications -- 1.4. Beagle Channel: Resource of Wide Biodiversity of Microbe's Marines -- 2. CULTIVATION AND MOLECULAR METHODS FOR STUDIES OF MICROBIAL MARINE -- 2.1. Sample Area and Cultivation Method -- 2.2. Isolation of gDNA and PCR Assay -- 2.3. PCR Amplification of 16S rDNA Sequence -- 2.4. Restriction Analysis: Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) -- 2.5. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Relationships Analysis -- 2.5.1. Nucleotides Sequences Accessions Numbers -- 2.6. PCR Amplification Gyrase Subunit B (gyrB) Fraction.

3. ISOLATES AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONS BY TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS -- 3.1. Isolation and Selection -- 3.2. ARDRA Assay -- 3.3. Molecular Analysis: Phylogenetic Analysis from 16S rDNA -- 3.4. GyrB Gene: Support for Phylogenetics Analysis -- 3.5. Taxonomic Analysis -- 4. METHODS FOR MICROBIAL ENZYMES DETERMINATIONS -- 4.1. b-Glucosidase, Cellulase, and Xylanase -- 4.2. Protease -- 4.3. β-Galactosidase -- 4.4. α-L-Rhamnosidase -- 5. COLD-ENZYME DETERMINATIONS FROM BACTERIA MARINE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS PRODUCTS -- 5.1. Detergents and Personal Care -- 5.1.1. Cellulases -- 5.1.2. Proteases -- 5.2. Food Industry -- 5.2.1. β-D-Galactosidases -- 5.2.2. Xylanases -- 5.3. Wine Industry -- 5.3.1. β-D-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) -- 5.3.2. α-L-Rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SELECTIVE FEEDING OF HETEROTROPHIC NANOFLAGELLATES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DIVERSITY OF HNF IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1. Heterokont Flagellates -- 2.2. Mixotrophic Nanoflagellates -- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF HNF IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 3.1. Pelagic Flagellate Communities -- 3.2. Benthic Flagellate Communities -- 4. ROLE OF HNF IN NUTRIENT REGENERATION -- 5. NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF HNF IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 5.1. Food Sources -- 5.2. Feeding Modes -- 5.3. Seasonal Variations -- 6. FEEDING MECHANISMS OF MARINE HNF -- 6.1. Mechanical Reception -- 6.2. Chemical Reception -- 7. PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES BY MARINE HNF -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: MICROBIAL MARINE COMMUNITY AS SOURCE OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES: STUDY ON THERMAL ADAPTATION OF ESTERASES AND LIPASES FROM MARINE MICRO-ORGANISMS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMAL ADAPTATION IN THE HSL FAMILY -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL HSL-LIKE MEMBERS -- CONSTRUCTION OF DATA SET -- STATISTICAL RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 6: POTENTIAL FOR PETROLEUM ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION OF THE KEY BACTERIA IN TEMPERATE SEAS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: THE HYPERSALINE GULF: A MODEL STUDY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SEAWATER DESALINATION ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SALINITY IN A SEMI-ENCLOSED SEA -- 3. A SIMPLE ANALYTICAL MODEL OF SALINITY FOR THE GULF -- 4. OUTLOOK FOR SALINITY IN THE GULF -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: DYNAMICS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE MENAI STRAIT (UK) AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND MANAGEMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STUDY SITE -- 3. POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF SPM ON THE ECOLOGY OF THE MENAI STRAIT -- 3.1. Trophic Effects of SPM -- 3.2. Duration of SPM Exposure -- 3.3. Effect of SPM on Feeding Energetics -- 3.4. Effects on Biogeochemical Cycling -- 3.5. SPM and Light Penetration -- 3.6. Benthic Accretion and Erosion -- 3.7. Other Effects -- 4. OBSERVATIONS -- 4.1. Sampling -- 4.2. Results -- 4.3. Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: CONCRETE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND EPOXY REPAIRED CONCRETE -- EPOXY COATED BARS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- EPOXY MODIFIED CONCRETE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- Accelerated Durability Testing Apparatus -- Samples Preparations and Testing -- Results and Discussion -- RECYCLED CONCRETE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: SAMPLES AND ANALYTES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SEAWATER AND ESTUARINE WATER -- Cationic Species Determined by FI Methodologies -- Alkali Metals -- Alkaline Earth Metals -- Silver -- Aluminium.

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