Viral Gene Expression Regulation.

Intro -- VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION -- VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION -- Contents -- Preface -- Viral Gene Expression and Host Cell Immunity -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Immunity -- Innate immunity and cytokines -- Type I Interferon -- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) -- Interleukin -- Chemokines -- Other Intracellular Innate Immunity -- Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) -- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) -- Adaptive Immunity -- Humoral Immunity -- Cell-Mediated Immunity -- HIV-1 Infection -- Host Cell Receptor and HIV-1 Entry -- HIV-1 Proteins -- Gag -- Matrix Protein (MA) -- Capsid Protein (CA) -- Nucleocapsid Protein (NC) -- P6 -- Gag-Pol Fusion Protein -- Protease (PR) -- Reverse Transcriptase (RT) -- Integrase (IN) -- Envelope (ENV) -- Tat -- Rev -- Nef -- Vpr -- Vpu -- Vif -- HIV Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) -- NF-κB -- AP-1 -- Sp1 -- HIV-1 Vif and Host Defense Proteins APOBEC3F and 3G -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Retroviral Gene Expression Regulation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Structure and genome organization -- 1.2. Retrovirus classification -- 1.3. Structure and organization of the retroviral promoter LTR -- 1.3.1. Structure of the LTR -- 1.3.2. Transcriptional factors that bind to the LTR -- 1.4. Diseases caused by Retroviruses -- 2. Effects of the Retroviral Infection on the Host Gene Expression Regulation -- 2.1. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with the immune cell function -- 2.1.1. Major histocompatibility complex-related genes -- 2.1.2. T cell receptor-related genes -- 2.1.3. Chemokine and cytokine gene expression -- 2.2. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with trans-acting factors -- 2.2.1. Transcription factors involved in LTR transactivation -- 2.2.2. Transcription factors involved in mRNA transcript elongation.

2.3. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with apoptosis and cell survival -- 2.3.1. Modification of apoptosis-related genes during HTLV infection -- 2.3.2. Alteration of apoptosis related genes during HIV infection -- 2.4. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with cell cycle -- 2.4.1. Modification of cell cycle-related genes during HTLV infection -- 2.4.2. Modification of cell cycle-related genes during HIV infection -- 2.4.3. Modification of cell growth- and survival-related genes -- 2.5. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with tumorigenesis -- 2.5.1. Genes deregulated in lymphomas caused by HTLV infection -- 2.5.2. Genes deregulated in lymphomas caused by HIV infection -- 2.6. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with neurodegeneration -- 2.7. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with the cellular metabolism -- 2.8. Modification of the expression of host genes associated with the cytoskeleton activity -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Modulation of Cellular Signaling and Gene Expression by Vitamin E† -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Natural Tocopherol Analogues Have Essentially Equal Antioxidant Potency -- Despite Having Essentially Equal Antioxidant Activity, the Natural Tocopherol Analogues Often Have Different Biological Effects -- The Different Forms -- of Vitamin E Are Metabolized Differently -- Non-Antioxidant Cellular Effects -- of the Natural Tocopherol Analogues -- Modulation of Enzymatic Activity by Vitamin E -- Inhibition of Protein Kinase C (PKC) -- Inhibition of Protein Kinase B (PKB) -- Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Kinases -- Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 -- Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase -- Inhibition of Glutathione S-Transferase Isoforms -- Inhibition of NADPH-Oxidase.

Modulation of Proteasome Activity by Tocopherols -- Modulation of Gene Expression by Vitamin E -- Modulation of Gene Expression by Natural Tocopherols -- Vitamin E Modulation of Drug Metabolizing Genes -- Vitamin E Modulation of Inflammatory Genes -- Vitamin E Modulation of Genes Involved in Cancer -- Hypoxia and Vitamin E -- Modulation of Gene Expression by Tocotrienols -- Modulation of Gene Expression as Analyzed by -- Gene Array Experiments -- Novel Tocopherol Binding Proteins -- Conclusion -- References -- Vitamin E Activity in Immune Response: A Possible Immunohenancing Role in Chronic Viral Infections -- Abstract -- Normal Immunitary System Function -- Th1 and Th2 Effector Function -- Dendritic Cells Regulation o Th1-Th2 Priming -- Vitamin E Absorption, Transport and Metabolism -- Immunostimulating Activity of Vitamin E -- in Elderly Healthy Humans and Animals -- Vitamin E Activity in Chronic Viral Infections -- in Humans and Animals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Regulation of Geminivirus Gene Expression: Potential Applications in Biotechnology -- Abstract -- Introduction to Geminiviruses -- Geminivirus genome structure -- Roles of LIR and SIR in virus replication and regulation of gene expression -- Oligomerization properties of Rep and RepA -- Interaction between Rep open reading frames and cellular proteins -- RBR -- PCNA -- GRIK -- S1NAC1 -- Other host proteins -- Role of Rep in rolling-circle replication -- Role of Rep in Regulation of Gene Expression -- Complementary-sense replication -- Virion-sense gene expression -- Role of Movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) in virus life cycle -- Geminivirus suppressors of gene silencing -- Geminiviruses as expression vectors -- The use of geminiviruses for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) -- Geminiviruses as foreign gene expression vectors.

Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Gene Expression Regulation in the Developing Brain -- 1National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan -- -- 2National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan. -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sexual dimorphism of the brain -- Brain-sex differentiation in the development of brain neurotransmitter systems -- Brain-sex-biased gene expression in the -- sex-differentiating brain -- The development of brain neural circuitry -- Conclusion -- References -- A Bioinformatical Approach to the Analysis of Viral and Cellular Internal Ribosome Entry Sites(( -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) Segments Facilitate Initiation of Translation in Eukaryotes -- Experimental Difficulties Make Proof of IRES a Challenge -- Iresite Presents Both Structural and Experimental Data -- What Can we Gather from the Size and the GC Content of IRES Segments? -- Iresite in the Context of other RNA-Oriented Sequence Databases -- UTRdb Contains IRESs Automatically Predicted by Sequence Pattern Matches -- IRESs Predicted in 5UTR.Fun_nr.dat After Elimination of Duplicates and Hypothetical and Putative Genes -- IRESs Predicted in 5UTR.Fun_r.dat after Elimination of Duplicates and Hypothetical and Putative Genes -- I.R.E.S. Database (IRESdb) Compiles References to GenBank Records and Literature -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Analysis of gene family expression in African endemic- and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma† -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Patient material -- Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) -- SAGE library analysis -- Results -- Histological staining of African endemic-KS tissue -- Description of the SAGE library -- Tags differentially expressed between African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS -- S100 protein expression in KS.

MHC-related gene expression in KS -- Complement component expression in KS -- KS and iron metabolism -- Keratins and keratin-binding proteins in KS -- Galectin expression in KS -- Semaphorin, plexin and neuropilin expression in KS -- Adhesion molecule expression in KS SAGE libraries -- Matricellular and basement membrane protein expression in KS SAGE libraries -- MMP and TIMP expression in KS SAGE libraries -- Chemokine expression in KS SAGE libraries -- Conclusion -- References -- Diagnostic classification using gene expression profiling in AML -- Abstract -- Conclusion -- References -- Regulation of Baculovirus-Mediated Gene Expression -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Regulation of Baculoviral Genes in Insect Cells and Improvement of Foreign Gene Expression -- 2.1. Insertion of Transcriptional Enhancers -- 2.2. Insertion of Other Regulatory Elements -- 2.3. Use of Transactivators -- 2.4. Development of Bicistronic Vectors -- 2.5. Enhanced Protein Expression Using Engineered SUMO Fusions -- 3. Regulation of Baculoviral-Mediated Genes in Mammalian Cells -- 3.1. Promoters and Post-Transcriptional Regulatory Element -- 3.2. Effects of Cell Type and Cellular Physiology -- 3.3. Effects of Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors -- 3.4. Upregulation of Baculoviral and Host Cellular Genes by Baculovirus Transduction -- 4. Sustained Baculovirus-Mediated Expression in Mammalian Cells -- 4.1. Integrating Vectors -- 4.2. Episomal Vector -- 5. Future Development and Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index.

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