Forensic Genetics Research Progress.

Intro -- FORENSIC GENETICSRESEARCH PROGRESS -- FORENSIC GENETICSRESEARCH PROGRESS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1BRINGING TISSUE IDENTIFICATION INTOTHE 21ST CENTURY: MRNAANALYSISAS THE NEXT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVOLUTIONIN FORENSIC SCIENCE? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Sample Preparation -- Serology Tests -- Acid Phosphatase Presumptive Test (Brentamine Reaction) -- Amylase Diffusion -- RNA/DNA Extraction -- Organic DNA Extraction -- Tris-Buffered Phenol Method (Stain ID Extraction) -- TRIzol® Extraction -- Reverse Transcription -- Real-Time PCR -- TaqMan® -- Plexor® -- Quantitation of DNA Extracts -- RESULTS -- Determining the Half-life of mRNA in Different Types of Stains -- Finding Genes Specific for Each Stain Type -- Developing Multiplex Assays for the Detection of Stain Types -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2TRACE DNA ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ORIGIN AND DEPOSITION OF TRACE DNA -- CURRENT METHODOLOGY FOR TRACE DNA ANALYSIS -- DNA Collection -- DNA Extraction -- Quantitation of Trace DNA -- Amplification of Trace DNA -- Whole Genome Amplification -- Post-PCR Detection/Genotyping -- Interpretation of Trace DNA Profiles -- COMING ISSUES FOR TRACE DNA -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OFFORENSIC DNADATABASES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF SUMMARY OF NATIONAL DNA DATABASE PROGRAMS -- OPERATIONAL IMPACT OF FORENSIC DNA DATABASES -- ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FORENSIC DNA DATABASES -- OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE USE OFFORENSIC DNA DATABASES -- SUMMARY -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION:ANTHROPOLOGY ANDGENETIC ANALYSIS FOR THE CRIME SCENE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IDENTIFICATION OF TRACES OR STAINS -- 3. SAMPLES REALISATION.

a) Buccal Swabs -- b) Samples for Sexual Assault -- c) Samples for Mass Crash and Cadaver Identification -- d) Hair Samples -- e) Teeth Samples, Muscles Samples, Blood Samples -- f) Nail Samples -- g) Contact Cells Samples -- 4. ANALYSIS OF TRACES OR STAINS -- a) Extraction -- Results of Analysis of Contact Cells by Method of Reference in 2008 -- Results of Analysis of Contact Cells by Laser Capture Microdissection Laser in 2008 -- b) Amplification - PCR -- i. Polymorph Regions -- ii. Polymorphic Regions on m-DNA -- HVI-HVII -- Cytochrome b -- c) Applications -- i) Identification of Traces -- ii) Mass Crash - Cadaver Identification -- iii) Paternity Testing -- iv) Statistical Analysis -- 5. VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE -- Organisation of the Laboratory -- Training, Protocoles and Procedures -- Accreditation and Certification -- 6. CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5INFLUENCE OF HUMIC ACID ON DNAANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- DNA IN FORENSIC MEDICINE -- 1.1. Problems in Forensic DNA Analysis -- 1.2. Humic Acid -- 1.3. DNA Extraction Problems -- 1.4. DNA Quantification and Amplification Problems -- 2. EXPERIMENTS -- 2.1. DNA Extraction Test -- 2.2. Quantification Test -- 2.2.1. Humic Acid Measurements in DNA Samples from Ancient Bones -- 2.2.2. DNA Quantification -- 2.3. Interaction of Humic Acids with Human DNA - Mechanisms andKinetics Experiment -- 2.3.1. Influence of HA on the QRT-PCR Efficiency -- 2.3.2. Melting Experiments -- 2.3.3. Enzymatic Digestions -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. HA and DNA Extraction -- 3.2. HA and DNA Quantification -- 3.2.1. Results of In vitro Tests on Genomic DNA -- 3.2.2. DNA Quantification from Ancient Bones -- 3.3. Interaction of Humic Acids with Human DNA - Mechanisms andKinetics -- 3.3.1. Influence of HA on the QRT-PCR Efficiency -- 3.3.2. Melting Experiments -- 3.3.3. Enzymatic Digestions.

4. DISCUSSION -- 4.1. DNA Extraction -- 4.2. Taq Polymerase Reverses Inhibition of QRT-PCR by Humic Acid -- 4.3. Interaction of Humic Acids with Human DNA - Mechanisms andKinetics -- 5. CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6ADVANCES IN DNATYPING IN SEXUALASSAULT CASEWORK -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TYPE OF SAMPLES -- PRESUMPTIVE CHEMICAL TESTS FOR SEMEN -- CONFIRMATORY TESTING FOR SEMEN -- ISOLATING CELLS -- DNA IDENTIFICATION PERSPECTIVE -- AMELOGENIN SYSTEM -- AUTOSOMAL STRS -- MIXTURES -- Y CHROMOSOME STRS -- MINI «Y-STRS » -- A SURVEY ON SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7ANALYSIS OF REDUCED SIZE STRAMPLICONS ASTOOLS FOR THE STUDY OF DEGRADED DNA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEGRADED DNA TYPING -- MINISTRS TIMELINE -- Pros and Cons of MiniSTRs -- NULL ALLELES IN MINISTRS -- Standardization of STR Loci -- ENFSI/EDNAP Recommendations about the Incorporation of NewMiniSTRs -- NEW AUTOSOMAL MINISTRS STRATEGIES -- OTHER MINISTRS MULTIPLEXES -- FUTURE -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8THE STUDY OF ANCIENT DNAIN FORENSIC GENETICS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HISTORY OF A RECENT DISCIPLINE -- 3. BONE DIAGENESIS AND DNA PRESERVATION -- 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ADNA AND ITS STUDY -- 4.1. DNA Damage -- 4.2. Contamination -- 4.3. Inhibition -- 5. AUTHENTICATION OF ADNA ANALYSES -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9FORENSIC MITOCHONDRIAL DNAANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- THE MTDNAMOLECULE -- MTDNAMUTATION RATE AND HETEROGENEITY -- ISSUES RELATED WITH NOMENCLATURE -- HETEROPLASMY -- WHEN ENVIRONMENT MIMICS MUTATION ANDPOSITIONS PRONE TO LAB HOTSPOTTING -- NUMTS AND CONTAMINATION -- MTDNA DATABASES -- EVALUATION OF A MATCH -- THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 10SNPS TECHNOLOGIES IN FORENSIC GENETICS:APPROACH AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SNPS RESEARCH PROJECT -- SNPS AND DISEASES -- SNPs and Response to Drug Therapy -- SNPs and Susceptibility to Lung Cancer -- TYPING METHODOLOGIES -- 1. Allele Specific Hybridization -- 1.1. -- 1.2. -- 2. Primer Extension -- 2.1. Minisequencing or Single Nucleotide Primer Extension -- 2.1.1. -- 2.1.2. -- 2.1.3. -- 2.1.4. -- 2.2. PYROSEQUENCING -- 2.3. OLIGONUCLEOTIDE LIGATION ASSAY (OLA) -- NON-AUTOSOMAL RELEVANT SNP CLASSES -- SNPs on Chromosome Y -- SNPs on Chromosome X -- Mitochondrial SNPs -- FORENSIC APPLICATIONS -- a) Identity Informative SNPs -- b) Lineage Informative SNPs -- c) Ancestry Informative SNPs -- d) Phenotype Informative SNPs -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF DNAPATERNITYTESTS IN UNCOMMON CASES:FROM THE ROUTINE TO THE EXTREME -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Materials -- DNA Extraction -- PCR Amplification -- DNA Fragment Analysis -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12MTDNAANALYSIS FOR GENETIC IDENTIFICATIONOF FORENSICALLY IMPORTANT INSECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BRIEF HISTORY OF FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY -- GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY AND INSECT BIOLOGY -- INSECTS AND CORPSES -- PMI ESTIMATION -- MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF FORENSICALLY IMPORTANTINSECTS: COMMON USED MARKERS -- MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OFFORENSICALLY IMPORTANT INSECTS: TECHNIQUES -- COMMON ERRORS IN DNA-BASED SPECIES IDENTIFICATION -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES FOR THEIDENTIFICATION OF NON-HUMAN SPECIES INFORENSIC BIOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ANIMALS -- 2.1. Species Identification.

2.2. Genetic Profiling of Domestic Animals in the Criminal Investigation -- 3. PLANTS -- 3.1. Species Identification -- 3.2. Genetic Individualization of Plants -- 3.2.1. RAPDs -- 3.2.2. AFLPs -- 3.2.3. STRs -- 4. ALGAE -- 5. FUNGI -- 5.MICROORGANISMS -- 6. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF MOLECULAR ANALYSISOF NON-HUMAN SPECIES IN FORENSICS -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14LOCAL DNADATABASES IN FORENSIC CASEWORK -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCION -- VENEZUELAN DATABASES -- STR Database -- Chromosome Y Database -- Mitochondrial DNA Database -- Admixture and Asymmetry in Maternal and Paternal Human Lineages inVenezuela -- SPECIAL FORENSIC CASES -- Identification of Airplane Crash Victims -- DNA Analysis from Ancient Hair Samples -- DNA and the Venezuelan Legal System -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15IN VITRO STUDIES OF DNARECOVEREDFROM INCINERATED TEETH -- ABSTRACT -- Aim -- Material and Methods -- Conclusion -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Morphological Changes -- Patterns of Fracture -- Quality of DNA -- Gender, Washes and Type of Tooth -- CONCLUSION -- AKNOWLEDGMENTS -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16PROMISING PROSPECTS OF CHINESE MEDICALSEMIOLOGY ON FORENSIC GENETICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

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